Managing High Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managing High Performance - Essay Example There is collective ownership of the work. On the other hand, autocratic system excessive control in the autocratic system creates resentment, absenteeism and increased turnover. Decentralized system is favorable to centralized system. Though certain decisions will have to remain at the main office, certain functions will be left with the smaller units. In the decentralized system, each of the units will have the power to make their own decisions as regards most matters. This will help in greater participation by the employees in the project work, and will foster faster decision making (Reddin, 1999). Self directed work teams are preferable to conventional teams (Wright, 2006). The self directed work teams are particularly important because it is the team- not the supervisor which assigns the work, the team completes the whole piece of work, are responsible for and have the authority to correct problems with work flow as they occur. In addition, the team also receives rewards and feedbacks at the team level. This reinforces hard

Cloud Computing Models Changing The World Information Technology Essay

Cloud Computing Models Changing The World Information Technology Essay The Cloud has become a new vehicle for delivering resources such as computing and storage to customers on demand. Rather than being a new technology in itself, the cloud is a new business model wrapped around new technologies such as server virtualization that take advantage of economies of scale and multi-tenancy to reduce the cost of using information technology resources. This paper discusses the business drivers in the Cloud delivery mechanism and business model, what the requirements are in this space, and how standard interfaces, coordinated between different organizations can meet the emerging needs for interoperability and portability of data between clouds. Hence, Cloud computing is about moving services, computation and/or data-for cost and business advantage-off-site to an internal or external, location-transparent, centralized facility or contractor. By making data available in the cloud, it can be more easily and ubiquitously accessed, often at much lower cost, increasing its value by enabling opportunities for enhanced collaboration, integration, and analysis on a shared common platform. Cloud computing describes both a platform and a type of application. A cloud-computing platform dynamically provides, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Cloud applications are applications that are extended to be accessible through the Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host Web applications and Web services. Enterprises are increasingly making innovation their highest priority. They realize they need to seek new ideas and unlock new sources of value. Driven by the pressure to cut costs and grow- simultaneously-they realize that its not possible to succeed simply by doing the same things better. They know they have to do new things that produce better results. Cloud computing enables innovation. It alleviates the need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources. Enterprises can choose to deploy applications on Public, Private or Hybrid clouds. Cloud Integrators can play a vital part in determining the right cloud path for each organization. Therefore, there are four types of cloud paths they are : Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure, offering services on demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. The end user does typically not know the location of physical resources and devices being accessed. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications on the cloud, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. Cloud Computing, to put it simply, means Internet Computing. The Internet is commonly visualized as clouds; hence the term cloud computing for computation done through the Internet. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable. Cloud computing is unlike grid computing, utility computing, or autonomic computing. In fact, it is a very independent platform in terms of computing. The best example of cloud computing is Google Apps, where any application can be accessed using a browser and it can be deployed on thousands of computer through the Internet. Æ’Â ¨WHAT DOES CLOUD COMPUTING MEAN TO US? Cloud computing is set to take over the world, or at least possibly replace Microsoft Outlook. The cloud concept is simple: Its a way to access your data and apps from anywhere, via the Internet (or the cloud). Yet everyone from Gartner Group to Google has a slightly different take on cloud computing: It can be anything from storing and sharing documents on Google Docs to running your entire company operations using a remote, third-party data center. Some envision it as a way to compute without operating systems, or pesky local client programs, and with minimal hardware needs (just a basic client machine). The most important single characteristic of a cloud is abstraction of the hardware from the service, says John Willis, a noted cloud-computing expert and blogger, explaining that the location of the servers is not as important as easy access to the data. However you define it, I think cloud technology will have a footprint in every business that does IT within the next five years. Cloud computing increases capacity and expands computing capabilities without heavy investment in infrastructure, training or software licensing. Most importantly though it democratizes Web 2.0-application development. With the removal of two significant barriers to entry cost and capacity access suddenly even small, lesser-funded entrepreneurs can dream big and bring their grand Web 2.0 applications to market. CLOUD COMPUTING has been changing how most people use the web and how they store their files. Its the structure that runs sites like  Facebook, Amazon and Twitter and the core that allows us to take advantage of services like Google Docs and Gmail. But how does it work Æ’Â ¨HOW DOES CLOUD COMPUTING WORK? Before we dig further into how does cloud computing work, first lets understand what the term CLOUD refers to.   The concept of the cloud has been around for a long time in many different incarnations in the business world. It mostly means a  grid of computers  serving as a service-oriented architecture to deliver software and data. Most websites and server-based applications run on particular computers or servers. What differentiates the cloud from the way those are set up is that the cloud utilizes the resources from the computers as a  collective virtual computer, where the applications can run independently from particular computer or server configurations. They are basically floating around in a cloud of resources, making the hardware less important to how the applications work. With broadband Internet, the need to have the software run on your computer or on a companys site is  becoming less and less essential. A lot of the software that people use nowadays are completely web-based. The cloud takes advantage of that to bring it to the next level. For example, if you are  hosting your website on a local server  or from your PC, you must usually select a particular operating system (Windows/Linux/Mac), to determine what software you can run on that particular server. If your site is being hosted in the cloud, there is no need to do that. You can run Windows and Linux programs side by side. Æ’Â ¨HOW IS THAT DONE? To understand how does cloud computing work, imagine that the cloud consists of layers mostly the  back-end  layers and the  front-end  or user-end layers. The front-end layers are the ones you see and interact with. When you access your email on Gmail for example, you are using software running on the front-end of a cloud. The same is true when you access your Facebook account. The back-end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that fuels the interface you see on the front end. As always seen, the user-end is usually a third party application or a termination for implementing their ideas on a visual end and rest all (hardware and logical) is taken care off at the back-end. Because the computers are set up to work together, the applications can take advantage of all that computing power as if they were running on one particular machine. Cloud computing also allows for a lot of flexibility. Depending on the demand, you can increase how much of the cloud resources you use without the need for assigning specific hardware for the job, or just reduce the amount of resources assigned to you when they are not necessary. The Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications quickly and to scale up applications as much as needed when needed. The platform supports traditional JavaTM and Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications as well as new architectures such as MapReduce and the Google File System, which provide a means to scale applications across thousands of servers instantly. Æ’Â ¨WILL IT CHANGE THE WAY WE USE COMPUTERS? The transition from being very personal hardware dependent to a world where resources are shared among the masses is creeping up on us slowly and unobtrusively. Very many people have already transitioned to using a cloud environment for most of their time in front of the computer without even realizing it. Sure, most of us still use some version of Microsoft Office or Quickbooks that was installed on our computers, but even  those kinds of software are now offering an online version  that can be used instead. The possibility of being able to access your data and software wherever you need it makes this transition very appealing to most people. Are there problems with this concept? Of course there are. If for some reason your internet goes down, your access to your data also disappears. There are security concerns with the data and the risk that companies will use proprietary formats for the files and that require that you pay for a certain service monthly or you may lose access to your own data permanently. So choose wisely when picking a service to use with your important data and make sure it can be downloaded if needed, but also enjoy the flexibility those services provide. The wave of the future is in the cloudsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dreaming big.   Now thats what its all about. MODELS AND TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING Æ’Â ¨ Cloud Computing Models Cloud Providers offer services that can be grouped into three categories, they are: Software as a Service (SaaS): In this model, a complete application is offered to the customer, as a service on demand. A single instance of the service runs on the cloud multiple end users are serviced. On the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ side, there is no need for upfront investment in servers or software licenses, while for the provider; the costs are lowered, since only a single application needs to be hosted maintained. Today companies such as Google, Salesforce, Microsoft, Zoho, etc offer SaaS. Platform as a Service (Paas): Here, a layer of software, or development environment is encapsulated offered as a service, upon which other higher levels of service can be built. The customer has the freedom to build his own applications, which run on the providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s infrastructure. To meet manageability and scalability requirements of the applications, PaaS providers offer a predefined combination of OS and application servers, such as LAMP platform (Linux, Apache, MySql and PHP), restricted J2EE, Ruby etc. Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s App Engine, Force.com, etc are some of the popular PaaS examples. Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas): IaaS provides basic storage and computing capabilities as standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, networking equipment, data centre space etc. are pooled and made available to handle workloads. The customer would typically deploy his own software on the infrastructure. Some common examples are Amazon, GoGrid, 3 Tera, etc are some of the popular IaaS examples. Æ’Â ¨ Types Of Cloud Computing Enterprises can choose to deploy applications on Public, Private, Community or Hybrid clouds. Cloud Integrators can play a vital part in determining the right cloud path for each organization. Cloud  Computing  can be classified into 4 types on the  basis of location  where the cloud is hosted: Public Cloud Æ’Â   Public clouds are owned and operated by third parties; they deliver superior economies of scale to customers, as the infrastructure costs are spread among a mix of users, giving each individual client an attractive low-cost, Pay-as-you-go model. All customers share the same infrastructure pool with limited configuration, security protections, and availability variances. These are managed and supported by the cloud provider. One of the advantages of a Public cloud is that they may be larger than an enterprises cloud, thus providing the ability to scale seamlessly, on demand. Æ’Â   Also, the infrastructure is hosted at the vendors premises. The customer has no  visibility  over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The computing infrastructure is shared between organizations. Private Cloud Æ’Â   Private clouds are built exclusively for a single enterprise. They aim to address concerns on data security and offer greater control, which is typically lacking in a public cloud. There are two variations to a private cloud: -> On-premise Private Cloud: On-premise private clouds, also known as internal clouds are hosted within ones own data center. This model provides a more standardized process and protection, but is limited in aspects of size and scalability. IT departments would also need to incur the capital and operational costs for the physical resources. This is best suited for applications, which require complete control and configurability of the infrastructure and security. -> Externally hosted Private Cloud: This type of private cloud is hosted externally with a cloud provider, where the provider facilitates an exclusive cloud environment with full guarantee of privacy. This is best suited for enterprises that dont prefer a public cloud due to sharing of physical resources. Æ’Â   All in all, private cloud  architecture is dedicated to the customer and is not shared with other organizations. They are expensive and are considered more secure than Public Clouds. Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise-hosted clouds. Hybrid Cloud Æ’Â   Hybrid Clouds combine both public and private cloud models. With a Hybrid Cloud, service providers can utilize 3rd party Cloud Providers in a full or partial manner thus increasing the flexibility of computing. The Hybrid cloud environment is capable of providing on-demand, externally provisioned scale. The ability to augment a private cloud with the resources of a public cloud can be used to manage any unexpected surges in workload. Æ’Â   In technical terms, Organizations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds. The not so critical  applications  are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is known as Hybrid Cloud.  Cloud bursting  is the term used to define a  system  where the organization uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is used for peak loads. Community Cloud Æ’Â   The cloud  infrastructure  is shared between the  organizations  of the same community. Æ’Â  For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the same cloud but not the non government agencies. DISTINGUISHING PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND HYRBRID CLOUDS, DIAGRAMMATICALLYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Difference Between Cloud Computing And Other Computing Techniques. Æ’Â ¨ Cloud Computing Vs Grid (distributed) Computing Grid computing has been used in environments where users make few but large allocation requests. For example, a lab may have a 1000 node cluster and users make allocations for all 1000, or 500, or 200, etc. So only a few of these allocations can be serviced at a time and others need to be scheduled for when resources are released. This results in sophisticated batch job scheduling algorithms of parallel computations. Vs Cloud computing really, is about lots of small allocation requests. The Amazon EC2 accounts are limited to 20 servers each by default and lots and lots of users allocate up to 20 servers out of the pool of many thousands of servers at Amazon. The allocations are real-time and in fact there is no provision for queuing allocations until someone else releases resources. This is a completely different resource allocation paradigm, a completely different usage pattern, and all this results in completely different method of using compute resources. - In grid computing, a single big task is split into multiple smaller tasks, which are further distributed to different computing machines. Upon completion of these smaller tasks, they are sent back to the primary machine which in return offers a single output. Vs Whereas a cloud computing architecture is intended to enable users to use difference services without the need for investment in the underlying architecture. Though, grid too offers similar facility for computing power, but cloud computing isnt restricted to just that. With a cloud users can avail various services such as website hosting etc. Grid computing is where more than one computer coordinates to solve a problem together. Often used for problems involving a lot of number crunching, which can be easily parallelizable. Vs Cloud computing is where an application doesnt access resources it requires directly, rather it accesses them through something like a  service. So instead of talking to a specific hard drive for storage, and a specific CPU for computation, etc. it talks to some service that provides these resources. The service then maps any requests for resources to its physical resources, in order to provide for the application. Usually the service has access to a large amount of physical resources, and can dynamically allocate them as they are needed. - With grid computing, your company gets power and flexibility. Grid computing, however, occurs when the processing power of an application or service is distributed across multiple systems. This is usually done in order to increase processing capacity or improve system resiliency. Vs Grid Computing Cloud ComputingWith cloud computing, your company gets cost-savings and convenience. This is where you get access to the resources of an independent 3rd party over the internet. In other words, they are remotely hosted applications. Life Before And After Cloud Computing. Æ’Â   Before Cloud Computing Traditional business applications-like those from SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle-have always been too complicated and expensive. They need a data center with office space, power, cooling, bandwidth, networks, servers, and storage. A complicated software stack. And a team of experts to install, configure, and run them. They need development, testing, staging, production, and failover (means for ensuring high availability of some critical resource) environments. When you multiply these headaches across dozens or hundreds of applications, its easy to see why the biggest companies with the best IT departments arent getting the applications they need. Small businesses dont stand a chance. Imagine a world without bridges.   It would be pretty hard to get from point A to point B reliably and without interruption!   The Cloud Computing is the to the Bridge solution that increases interoperability between your on-premise datacenters and off-premise clouds.   This interoperability increases your flexibility, enabling more choice around what applications you can move to the cloud.   Since the Cloud Bridge solution supports multiple virtualization environments, you also have more choice in cloud providers, enabling you to drive down costs.   In short, Cloud Computing is the big bridge to fill the big gap between your datacenter or the application. Æ’Â   After Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a better way to run your business. Instead of running your applications yourself, they run on a shared data center. When you use any application that runs in the cloud, you just log in, customize it, and start using it. Thats the power of cloud computing. Businesses are running all kinds of applications in the cloud these days, like CRM(Customer Relationship Management), HR(Human Resources), accounting, and custom-built applications. Cloud-based applications can be up and running in a few days, which is unheard of with traditional business software. They cost less, because you dont need to need to pay for all the people, products, and facilities to run them. And, it turns out theyre more scalable, more secure, and more reliable than most applications. Plus, upgrades are taken care of for you, so your applications get security and performance enhancements and new features-automatically. The way you pay for cloud-based applications is also different. Forget about buying servers and software. When your apps run in the cloud, you dont buy anything. Its all rolled up into a predictable monthly subscription, so you only pay for what you actually use. Cloud applications dont eat up your valuable IT resources, so your CFO(Chief Financial Officer) will love it. This lets you focus on deploying more applications, new projects, and innovation. The Nature of Cloud Computing Cloud computing builds on established trends for driving the cost out of the delivery of services while increasing the speed and agility with which services are deployed. It shortens the time from designing an application architecture to actual deployment. Cloud computing integrates virtualization, on-demand deployment, Internet delivery of services, and open source software. The on-demand, self-service, pay-by-use model The on-demand nature of cloud computing helps to support the performance and capacity aspects of service-level objectives. The self-service nature of cloud computing allows organizations to create flexible environments that expand and contract based on the workload and target performance parameters. And the pay-by-use nature of cloud computing may take the form of equipment renting that guarantee a minimum level of service from a cloud provider so billing is based on resource consumption: CPU hours used, volumes of data moved, or gigabytes of data stored. Growth and Further scope Of Cloud Computing. Æ’Â ¨ Cloud computing  is being touted as  the future of  the web. Everything from your Word documents to pictures, music has been  moving to  the cloud. In  Google  Apps, the company has a strong competing product to  Microsoft  Office. So, how big is all of this going to be. Here are some statistics from a  Gartner study Value of  Cloud computing services  through the years 2008 : $46.41 billion 2009 : $56.30 billion 2013 : $150.1 billion (projected) Advantages and Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is fast evolving from a  futuristic technology  into a commercially viable alternative for companies in search of a cost-effective  storage  and server solution. In fact, Gartner Inc. predicts that by 2012, 80 percent of Fortune 1000 enterprises will pay for some cloud-computing service, while 30 percent of them will pay for cloud-computing infrastructure. While the technology has its fair share of drawbacks (such as privacy and  security  concerns), an undeniable silver lining is currently turning skeptics into enthusiasts. Here some of the advantages of cloud computing: >ADVANTAGES: Scalability:  IT departments that anticipate an enormous uptick in user load need not scramble to secure additional hardware and software with cloud computing. Instead, an organization can add and subtract capacity as its network load dictates. Better yet, because cloud computing follows a utility model in which service costs are based on consumption, companies pay for only what they use. Easy Implementation:  Without the need to purchase hardware, software licenses or implementation services, a company can get its cloud-computing arrangement off the ground in record time and for a fraction of the cost of an on-premise solution. Skilled Practitioners:  When a particular technology becomes popular, its not uncommon for a whole slew of vendors to jump on the bandwagon. In the case of cloud computing, however, vendors have typically been reputable enough to offer customers reliable service and large enough to deliver huge  datacenters  with endless amounts of storage and computing capacity. These vendors include industry stalwarts such as Microsoft, Google, IBM, Yahoo! Inc. and Amazon.com Inc, etc. Frees Up Internal Resources:  By placing storage and server needs in the hands of an outsourcer, a company essentially shifts the burden placed on its in-house IT team to a third-party provider. The result: In-house IT departments can focus on business-critical tasks without having to incur additional costs in manpower and  training. Quality of Service:  Network outages can send an IT department scrambling for answers. But in the case of cloud computing, its up to a companys selected vendor to offer 24/7 customer support and an immediate response to emergency situations. Thats not to suggest that outages dont occur. In February 2008, Amazon.coms S3 cloud-computing service experienced a brief outage that affected a number of companies. Fortunately, service was restored within three hours. Æ’Â   According to  Jonathan Koomey, who is a consulting professor for Stanford University and a project scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, there are four primary reasons why cloud computing (at least philosophically speaking) should be a more power-efficient approach than an in-house data center. This is the order in which Koomey lists them. Workload diversity: Because you will have many different sorts of users making use of the cloud resources different applications, different feature set preferences and different usage volumes this will improve hardware utilization and therefore make better use of power that youre using anyway to keep a server up and running. Economies of economies of scale: There are certain fixed costs associated with setting up any physical data center. According to Koomey, implementing technical and organization changes is cheaper per computation for larger organizations than for IT small shops. And because you will have more people using the infrastructure, again, you can spread those costs more efficiently. Power-management flexibility: Koomey postulates that its easier to manage virtual servers than physical servers from a power perspective. If hardware fails, the load can automatically be deployed elsewhere. Likewise, in theory, you could move all virtual loads to certain servers when loads are light and power-down or idle those that arent being used You can pick the most efficient site possible: So, for example, if you are a business based in a state that uses primarily coal-powered electricity, do you really want to site your data center there? If you have a data center in a place that is all coal-powered, this is a big business risk, Koomey says. In a future where there might actually be a tax on the carbon your company produces, that would certainly be a risk indeed. >DISADVANTAGES: Æ’Â   One of its few major issues is that cloud computing relies totally on network connections. If the network goes down, youre done using the computer until it is back up. If the network gets bogged down, then your computing will be slower. Æ’Â   The other major downfall is that it doesnt use a hard drive. While it is a benefit, it is also a negative. Some applications or hardware might require having a hard drive attached to the computer; these might be hard to get working properly with the hard drive on a remote server. Æ’Â   The last big issue is peripherals. Getting printers to work is hit or miss. The more popular printers will give you little trouble when you try to get them working properly. The little printers that arent as common, such as label printers, can face issues with the mini PC that each user has. Æ’Â   In most big businesses, few people have personal printers; most printers are networked,  so its not a big issue to a majority of users. Things such as scanners use software to work with the PC, however, and if your virtual hard drive doesnt have the software, when you log onto the cloud computer at a desk, you wont be able to use the scanner until you install the software. Some Of The Disadvantages Are Listed Below Security: No control over the business assets (data!). The main assets in every company are its data files with valuable customer information. A proper security model for cloud computing is not yet developed. Security, privacy and compliancy is still difficult for cloud solutions. Especially for public cloud services. Physical location of hardware and software is unknown. Site inspections and audits are hard. Availability. Constant connectivity is required. Failure to compliance. E.g. HIPAA, SOX, PCI, SAS 70 and audits. Risk of data loss due to improper backups or system failures in the virtualized environment. Dependency (Lost On Control): Quality problems with Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) No influence on maintenance levels and fix frequency when using cloud services from a CSP. No or little insight in CSP contingency procedures. Especially backup, restore and disaster recovery. No easy migration to an other CSP. Measurement of resource usage and end user activities lies in the hands of the CSP. Tied to the financial health of another Company. Cost And Flexibility: Special customization not possible. Possible lower rate of business IT innovation. The technological innovation pace is dictated by CSP. Cost: Hidden cost (e.g. compliancy regulations, backup, restore, disaster recovery and problem solving.) Opaque cost structure due to highly flexible usage of cloud services; Cost advantages is as hard to get when using outsourcing for IT services in a traditional way. Risks of higher future charges are real. Requires a constant Internet connection: Cloud computing is impossible if you cant connect to the Internet. Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you dont have an Internet connection you cant access anything, even your own documents. A dead Internet connection means no work, period-and, in areas where Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker. When youre offline, cloud computing simply doesnt work. Doesnt work well with low-speed connections: Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible. Web-based apps require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents. If youre laboring with a low-speed dial-up connection, it might take seemingly forever just to change from page to page in a document, let alone to launch a feature-rich cloud service. In other words, cloud computing isnt for the broadband-impaired. Can be slow: Even on a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC. Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud. If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is having a slow day, you wont get the instantaneous access you might expect from desktop apps. Features might be limited: This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply arent as full-featured as their desktop-based brethren. For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with Google Presentations w

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Black Civil Rights in America

The civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experienced segregation at lunch stands. In a Journal by Melvin Small, she stated, â€Å"Just as with the segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama the African-American community, especially the segment of college students, had once again reached its saturation point of inequality (Small).† To uphold the nonviolent protest issued by King, college students throughout the South nonviolent sat the lunch counters of various segregated variety stores (Pike). It was not an easy task because these students were confronted with great difficulty. They endured tear gas, police guns, arrests and jail sentences which were all in the name of justice (Pike). A lot of students were dismissed from school for their contribution in the movement. Whole student bodies at several of the colleges marched out in protest, withstanding the intimidation of the police force. Again, King’s belief in the power of unity was exemplifie d. The movement gained national attention. With this, city officials tried to divert its focus. They accused King for perjury. King faced at least ten years in prison. Although the attempt was unsuccessful and King was found not guilty, the movement did not falter. The sit-in movement, specifically nonviolent resistance, was a great success. Integration w... ...he black community. It was not easy for King and others to take the stand that they faced but without a doubt, worked together for the good of the country. Works Cited Hall, Mitchell K. "The Vietnam Era Antiwar Movement." Organization of American Historians 18.5 (2004): 13-17. Print. Höhn, Maria, and Martin Klimke. A Breath of Freedom: the Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Oregon: Oregon Volunteers, 2005. Print. Pike, Brett. "DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN WORLD WAR II: RACIAL POLICIES AND THE MARCH TO DESEGREGATION." Apr.-May 2011. Web. Shawki, Ahmed. Black Liberation and Socialism. Chicago, IL: Haymarket, 2006. Print. Smalll, Melvin. "Journal of Peace Research." Sage Publications, Ltd. 24.2 (1987). Print.

My essay of mice and mMen Essay

In the novel Of Mice And Mice Lenny and George are on there travels to look for work but everything seems to go wrong Because Lenny can not control his anger or his strength and George is all ways there to get Lenny out of trouble but George treats Lenny like it his is own brother. The novel is set in Weed and it is very hard to find work and live a living so Lenny and George set them selves of to look for work Lenny on his journey who has a heart of gold would never hurt any one or hurt anything finds a mouse a dead mouse he wants t play and tamper with the mouse but George says no and grabs the mouse and throws the mouse into the bushes but then Lenny gets really upsets and starts crying and shouting out load all I want to do is tamper and play with the mouse because I like tampering animals George says â€Å". Never mind Lenny I will get you a puppy you can tamper and play with† no Lenny says I want a mouse ok then George says what about if we get a job on the farm you cam tamper some rabbits , can I can I said Lenny of course you can just as long as your good and don’t pick up dead mousse which might have dieses and we wont want you catching something. Has Lenny and George carry on with there journey there become hungry and they settle down by the river and they drink the water and then they start a fire and has Lenny collects wood for the fire George prepares the food. Or they have is beans which Lenny starts getting angry I only want beans with tomato ketchup if we have no ketchup I don’t want any but we don’t have none said George you will have to do with what we have ok , but I want ketchup , we have not got none so stop moaning. George starts getting mad with Lenny and says to Lenny † I bet you if I was on my own I would have a job and nice food but no I am stuck with you moaning all the time can I tamper the rabbits can I tamper the rabbits you just get on my nerves† Lenny gets upset and says â€Å"if you want me to go I will, I will go up in the mountains and find a cave and live in there I will be ok then I wont get on your nerves† no Lenny you will never survive with out me it is best if we stick together. There one more thing I have to tell you if you get in any trouble all I want you to do is to run to this bush here and hide till I come for you ok. Lenny and George carry on with there travels they come to a farm to have a interview for a job they get there and meet up with a man called Candy who is very old and needs very good looking after and takes them to the manager to see if there have the job. They get they job and Lenny and George are very excited but the only thing that keeps coming out of Lennys mouth is â€Å"now can I tend the rabbits† George says if you are good. The job they are given is to pick wheat bags up and stack them on to the carriage but they are very and it takes two men to lift one bag, but then every one is stunned to watch has Lenny picks up one bag all by himself but no one knows how strong Lenny is. George lets Lenny tend the rabbits but has Lenny is tending the rabbits in the barn the managers son Curly HE goes to work and Curly wife follows Lenny into the barn. She starts talking to Lenny telling him that she hates Curly and she hates working here and that she wants to become a Hollywood star and then she asks Lenny what hw would like to do he says have a big house for him and George and have there own business and also he would love to tend the rabbits. But has she was going to reply Curly walked in and says to Lenny â€Å"why are you not doing you work get out there and finish of your job† then George walks in â€Å"what’s happening† says George then Curly and his wife walks out. â€Å"Lenny if you have any trouble of him or any one you tell me† then they all get back to work. George gives Lenny a puppy for his hard work Lenny is very excited and goes in the barn on his own and starts tending the puppy and guess who walks in Curlys wife â€Å"sorry for my husbands behavior† I don’t want to talk to you says Lenny why says Curlys wife , George has told me to stay away from you we don’t want any trouble so go away, but im friendly I only want to make friends â€Å"no† says Lenny. She walks away but seconds later she comes back and then Curly walks in â€Å"I have told you hundreds of times to stay away from my wife† then George walks in again to see Curly hitting and arguing with Lenny, Lenny stays there and George shouts out â€Å"Lenny defend yourself and has Lennys face is pouring with blood and cut eyes half way closed Curly goes to punch him and curlys little hand is trapped between Lennys big hand and Lenny squeezes his hand and hurts Curly badly. Then Lennys says to George â€Å"can I still tend the puppy† â⠂¬Å"of course you can you did nothing wrong† says George. They are getting along with there lives fine carrying on with there work keeping them selves to them selves then Lenny asks George can I tend the puppy George says yea sure, Lenny is in the barn tending the puppy and then he tends the puppy so hard he kills the puppy and then barn door opens so Lenny is frightened so he quickly hides the puppy under the hay, and Curlys wife walks in â€Å"hello† Lenny and she noticed he had hidden something under the hay so she removes the hay to find that Lenny had hidden the puppy and she saw the puppy was dead, Lenny says â€Å"don’t tell George it was an accident. I was tending it to hard † she says ok then she starts to talk to Lenny and she starts to get all emotional with Lenny she goes to kiss him and Lenny kisses her back and then he hugs her but with out him knowing his own strength he was hugging her to tight and he snaps her neck and she dies . Lenny is scared and frightened so he remembers what George said if you are in a lot of trouble run to this bush and hide until I find you so Lenny runs and hides. Curly has noticed that his wife has been killed and he knows who his responsible the first name he say is Lenny and George says how you know Curly says â€Å"look my wife has been killed and Lenny is know where to be seen† we need to find and I am going to kill him â€Å"no† says George you don’t know the whole story. As everyone at the works are looking for Lenny, George goes to the bush and he sees Lenny sitting there, Lenny is very upset and don’t know what to say George says â€Å"I know what you have done† â€Å"it was an accident† Lenny says. George says Lenny look over the river were we was drinking and keep looking down, George pulls out a gun at the side of his pocked holding it down between his spine join and then up to his head † Lenny want to go to a nice place were we have loads of money loads of food and loads of animals and a big farm were no one can hurt us and you can not hurt any one† yes please says Lenny â€Å"can we go now Lenny says with excitement , yea of course just keep looking at the river , ok Lenny says. Georges gut is hurting but without a word he presses the trigger BANG Lenny just lowers his body with out a noise and just lays there. George is upset for what he had done bur he knew that Lenny was safe now and that he is living the life that he has always wanted to live. George has learnt that you can not get anything that you wish for in life you just have to grab it why you have the chance. Eben if you loose the closes friend you have. THE END Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Marketing Mix of Nescafe Essay

Marketing can be defined as the process of introducing a product or service to the world for the purpose of selling that product or service to the customers. Without marketing, product or services cannot be successfully provide value to customers based on their interests, needs and preferences. Marketing not only based on the selling of a products or service, but also understanding the needs of the market and research and find whether their product meets customer’s needs or not and Improve. For the successful marketing of product and services we used different marketing techniques. For instance, most of the well established firms are using the techniques like marketing mix, target market etc. The Concept of Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940’s after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a â€Å"mixer of ingredients†. The ingredients in Borden’s marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories. These are the 4 P’s of Marketing Mix .These four P’s are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the four P’s on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. In this assignment, am making an analysis of Nescafe by taking into consideration of 4Ps of marketing mix. To analyze the different products of Nescafe To analyze the distribution mix of product To study the pricing strategy taken by the company Finally, to analyze the different promotional method they used. Let’s see the evolution of the product. History of Nescafe The NESCAFÉ coffee you’re enjoying today is a perfect brew of the brand’s long-standing history, Nescafe begins at 1930. When Brazil had a substantial surplus of coffee, and needed help preserving it for Nestle. Upon the request of the Brazilian government, NESTLÉ began abrewin’! Our coffee specialist, Max Morgenthaler, and his team had a simple proposition – a delicious cup of coffee by simply adding hot water. With this guiding principle, the team worked hard to find a way to make soluble coffee that would not lose out on the coffee’s natural flavor. Seven years later, they found the answer. NESCAFÉ was finally ready. Named by using the first three letters in NESTLÉ and prefixing it to cafà ©, NESCAFÉ was the brand new name in coffee. First introduced in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938, it was anticipated to be a huge success throughout Europe. However, because of World War II, its popularity took longer than expected. Soon af ter the first half of the next decade, NESCAFÉ was exported to France, Great Britain, and the USA. American forces played the role of brand ambassadors in Europe, because NESCAFÉ was a staple in their food rations. Instant coffee processing was invented by Japanese chemist in1901. Nestle revolutionized the way of instant coffee was made. Later nestle invented the process for dehydrating the concentrated coffee for improving the quality of coffee. On the next decade, Nescafe exported to France, Great Britain and USA. Its popularity grew rapidly and the production of its US plant was reserved for Military use. On 1950 onwards, teenagers one of the choice was coffee. Over the year the company concentrates in new innovation then, they introduce pure soluble coffee in 1952, roast coffee beans, and freeze dried soluble coffee in 1965. For improving the quality again they invented aroma process. These innovations help to Nescafe to the world leading coffee brand. Target  market Target market is a group of customers, who has the potential to buy services and products. The main strategies of the marketing are identifying the target market. The producer has to manufacture their products based on the customer’s needs and want and also implementing the marketing mix to satisfy its target group. Target market can be separated on the bases of demographic, psychographic and geographic. Target markets of Nescafe’s are coffee drinkers, specifically those who made coffee at their own home. So Nescafe offers a 100% pure coffee to the customers. Demographic factors Age: In the past, Nescafe focused on morning peoples only but now they are mostly focus on youth having the age of below 35 year old. Gender: The coffee drinkers are not to be classified on the bases of gender because both genders use the product. Education: A person who has the average level of education can easily grasp the method of instant coffee making. Income: The target group of the product is the peoples with average income and above. Family life cycle: all stages of families can use this product. Psychographic Factors Brand Consciousness: some of the peoples who prefer branded product only. So they prefer Nescafe. Nescafe is one of the leading brands in the world. Health Practice: peoples who want freshness in the morning or evening, they use coffee. Life style: The target markets of the Nescafe are peoples who lead the standard life style. Geographic Factors Region: Nescafe is mostly popular in the urban and semi urban areas. Density: Nescafe always focused on high density of population. In these areas the usage of the product is higher. Marketing mix Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the  market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. Product: The term product means anything that can be tangible or intangible, offered by the company. The company is mainly focused on customer needs and wants. Based on the value of the product, the customer should satisfy with the quality of the product. (Boundless) Nescafe is the one of the world largest leading coffee manufacturing company. They give valuable products to customers. They provide a wide range of coffee products for coffee lovers. Let’s see the different varieties of coffee product in the market. EVERYDAY COFFEE Nescafe classic: Nescafe Classic coffee is leading coffee powder that’s loved all over the world. Nescafe classic is a coffee that is for everyday use. It is a powered form and made with 100% of genuine coffee beans. No other ingredients are added to this product. Nescafe classic gives comfort and motivation. It can be prepared by simply few steps. Just take a spoon full of coffee powder and mix it with hot water and also add sugar to it. Now your coffee is ready. so every morning and evening it gives freshness to the mind. It contains 269 kj energy, 27g fiber and 25 g ant oxides per 100g packet. So this product is good for the health (Nescafe) . In an 8 ounce bottle produce 135-150 cups of coffee. Nescafe 3 in 1 Nescafe 3 in 1 is coffee is the combination of whitener and sugar along with coffee. So it gives a different taste with other. Some peoples are most likely to have coffee with milk. So Nescafe made this product for coffee lovers who like coffee with whitener. It contains 1758 kj of energy and 73.8g carbohydrate. Super premium coffee: Nescafe Alta Rica: Nescafe Alta Rica is the super-premium product of Nescafe and it is a full  bodied instant coffee. It contains 100% pure Arabica from Latin America. (Coffee Arabica is the species originally from highland of Ethiopia (wikipedia)). It is made from pure and natural coffee beans. It has intensive flavor and deep, rounded taste (Tesco).Nescafe Alta Rica is a slightly bitter and roasty finish coffee. Nescafe Alta Rica instant coffee rated 9 out of 10. It contains between 80-100 mg of caffeine per cup. (discount coffe.co.uk) Nescafe Cap Colombia: Nescafe Cap Colombia is another super premium product of Nescafe. It is the smoothest and fruitiest coffee in the Nescafe collection. It contains only 100% Arabica beans from South America. Roast the Arabica beans and create a medium bodied coffee taste. It has a fruity aroma. It also contains 502 kj energy and 34.1g fiber nutrition. This product is good after dinner coffee. (dicount coffee) Nescafe Espresso: Nescafe espresso is the one of the exclusive range of product in Nescafe collection Range. It is made from 100% Arabica beans, this instant coffee is so convenient and yet so flavorful. It is dark, juicy and aromatic taste. It contains 484kj energy nutrition and 21.5g antioxidants. PREMIUM COFFEE: Nescafe Gold: Nescafe Gold is the coffee lover’s coffee. It contains Arabica and Handful of Robusta Beans added for getting a smooth rounded taste. The roast they bring to Gentle Caramel flavors and finally getting a juicy aroma. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27g fiber nutrition. Nescafe Green Blend: Nestle New Zealand has launched the Nescafe Green blend coffee.it contains 70% more antioxidants polyphenols than green tea. Nescafe Green Blend is a product made by unroasted green coffee beans and roasted coffee beans. This product has a high rate of polyphenol antioxidant (polyphenol anti-oxidant is an oxidant polyphenolic or natural phenol substructure. (wikipedia)). So  this product is very helpful for maintaining the body in good health over time. It is specially created by coffee experts for health benefits. (Nescafe) Nescafe Cappuccino: Nescafe Cappuccino is an Italian specialty coffee conquered the heart of people. It contains soluble coffee with whitener, sugar and topping. It is made of third of espresso (espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans (wikipedia)), a third form of hot milk and third form of frothy milk. There are two variant of cappuccino. They are cappuccino chiaro and cappuccino scuro. Cappuccino chiaro made with more milk which is also called white cappuccino and cappuccino scuro is made with less milk which is also called dark cappuccino it also contain 1641 kj energy nutrition and 69.6 g carbohydrate with sugar. Decaff coffee: Decaffeinated coffee is a coffee that removes the caffeine by the process of decaffeination. The following picture depicts the decaffeination process: Nescafe classic Decaff: Nescafe classic decaff is a powered coffee after the safely removal of caffeine.it contains 100% decaffeinated coffee beans with refreshing taste. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27.0 g fiber nutrition. Price: The second important criterion in marketing mix is Price. Price is the amount of money that customers pay in order to purchase a product. Price is very important to determine the company’s profit. Marketers should ensure the products price correctly based on the competitive products. Before setting a price marketers must aware about the value of the product. When considering the price of the Nescafe product. The company set the price in well-established pricing manner. The table below depicts the pricing strategy of the Nescafe product. PLACE This refers to the area where the ready product is to be supplied. There must be a proper place to keep the ready food products where the buyers are available. Besides the place, allocation and arranging of the product also has its own importance in attracting the potential buyers. Place also refers in making available the product at right time too. Customer makes decisions based on convenience and invests little effort in choosing Nescafe, since it is a convenient product. Intermediaries play a significant role in Nescafe distribution and exposure of the product to the potential customers. An intermediary constitutes stores like supermarkets, superstore, wall mart etc. Fig 24 (food basics) Promotion: Promotion is the last step of marketing mix. Promotion refers to increase the customer awareness of the brand or particular product and through this awareness they generating more sales and promoting the brand name into higher level. Promotional activities are very important for every product. Nescafe is the leading coffee brand in the world. This brand image is boosted up with different promotional activities at different times. There are different promotional activities for promoting their products and brand name. They are : Advertisement Advertisement: Advertisement is the one of the tool to encourage the audience. Television advertising and online media advertising are the two important advertisement used by Nescafe. The main aim of the advertisement is give awareness about the product to the public. Nescafe used different advertisement in social media, online advertisement, television etc. In store promotional activities: In store promotional activities are those activities done in the store for promoting the product. Nescafe used different in-store promotional activities. They are Poster (brodericks): Bill board (global advertisie): Attractive offers: Nescafe provides attractive offers to customers for promoting the product. Buy a 200g Nescafe gold and get 1 travel mug for free. (theodmgroup) Attractive packing: Nescafe products are packed attractively. This is the tool to attract the customers for buying that product. So Nescafe used different packaging for attracting the customers. Example: (free range) Conclusion: Through the detailed study of Nescafe, it was able to get a clear picture about the various products of Nescafe and the marketing technique adopted by them. It also helped to know about the history of the company. The success of the product lies in the organization and coordination of 4 P’s. They are product, place, price and promotion. Nescafe attract the customers by their brand name, product packaging and advertisement. It also conquered the beverage market of the world. Pricing tactics helps the product to fight against the competitors. Nowadays competition in the beverage market is too tough. However, they don’t give any reduction in the quality of the product. The promotional activities have done by Nescafe covers all means of promotions tools like online-advertisements, television, radio, social media etc. Through the publicity campaign they are trying to improve their brand name into higher level and within years they will become the top one coffee manufacture in the world. Reference: Works Cited /search?q=nescafe+arabica. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+arabica&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSZxplCxCo1NgEGgQIAAgDDAsQsIynCBo8CjoIAhIU2xf-Gd8J9xnJDuQK0xCDHOUW_1hAaINQIFUbHVE1WK3WX6JMDjSEdKHVwPNaMNoxdjBLKxb_1LDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEwmQCiQw&sa=X&ei=8MOsU6rDG4fO8wHnuIDgAg&ved=0CBoQwg4o Boundless. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.boundless.com: https://www.boundless.com/marketing/an-overview-of-marketing/introduction-to-marketing/products-placement-promotion-price/ brodericks. (n.d.). Retrieved from brodericks: http://brodericks.typepad.com/.a/6a010536ca9806970b0163044c8922970d-500wi dicount coffee. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.com: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-dolce-gusto-espresso-coffee-pack-of-16 discount coffe.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.co.uk: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-alta-rica-coffee-500g facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/Nescafe.CA facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=683891298343900&set=a.559895024076862.1073741828.540082329391465&type=1&theater facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from facebook.com: www.facebook.com/10377001_712128892186807_5165054037162719655_n facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=641479015918462&set=pb.540082329391465.-2207520000.1403832018.&type=3&theater files2.coloribus.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.files2.coloribus.com: http://files2.coloribus.com/files/adsarchive/part_1293/12938055/nescafe-nescafe-more-bean-more-taste-600-54763.jpg free range. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.freerange.org.uk: http://www.free-range.org.uk/images/images/6583.jpg ggpht. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://lh4.ggpht.com/rXRK1v0r4TblVOuVtkPhowI07cwRqPuZM3sc66VN8exp9B4T7HspTOyCWA6GNM-9NQme2ww=s114 global advertisie. (n.d.). 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Minorities and Indian Constitution Essays

Minorities and Indian Constitution Essays Minorities and Indian Constitution Essay Minorities and Indian Constitution Essay Minorities and our constitution: Historical Approach and its present relevance: Though Indian society has been plural from ancient times, the minority problem faced as faced by the framers of the Constitution is widely   believed to be the creation of the colonial regime. The plural Indian society has various groups – ethnic, religious and linguistic. They used to live harmoniously together with broad cultural unity. Even Islam co-existed with Hinduism. However, the British rule made a qualitative difference in the minority problem. It accepted the plural nature of the Indian society but stressed the importance of groups rather than individuals in the political processes and attempted to widen the gap among different groups based on ethnicity, religion, language and other interest in order to sub serve their imperial interest. In the words of Milton Gordon, British emphasized on  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcorporate pluralism’  rather than  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœliberal pluralism’ In corporate pluralism emphasis is on groups and individuals are treated as members of the group: in liberal pluralism emphasis is on individuals as citizens. The Corporate Pluralism led to the separation among groups and thereby it creates difficulty in national integration. The latter neo-liberal pluralism helps the process of national integration and nation building. The national leaders accepted that Indian society was plural and that any constitutional framework could not ignore it. However their concept of Indian plural society was based on ‘Liberal Pluralism’ which emphasized the fact that though an individual was a member of his group, he participated in the political system as a citizen. This concept, they hoped, would ultimately strengthen the national bond among different minority groups and which foster the approach was evident in the  Nehru Committee Report, 1928,  which recommended on one hand, joint mixed electorates and on the other hand favoured such fundamental rights for individuals as right to equality, freedom of religion, etc. With such constitution they believed, the problem of minority could be solved after the departure of the British. It was under the  Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946, that the Constituent Assembly was elected to frame constitution for India. The Cabinet Mission proposed he formation of an advisory committee on minorities, fundamental rights of individuals and to suggest measures for safeguarding interests of minorities. The advisory committee was set up under the chairmanship of Sardar Vallabhai Patel which commented:   The question of minorities cannot possibly be overrated. It has been created so far creating conflict, distrust and cleavages between the different sections of the society. Imperialism thrives on such difference. So far the minorities have been stimulated and have been influenced in a manner which has hampered the growth of cohesion and friendliness. But now it is necessary that a new chapter should start and we should realize our responsibility. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar  while moving the Draft Constitution for consideration of the house said: In this country both minorities and majorities have followed the wrong path. It is wrong for the majority to dent the existence of minorities and it is equally wrong for the minorities to immortalize themselves. A solution must be found which will serve double purpose. It must recognize the existence of the minorities to start with. It must also be such that it enables majorities and minorities to merge someday into one†¦. When the Constituent Assembly decided to do away with communal separate electorates and communal reservation, Nehru welcomed it as a â€Å"historic turn of our destiny†. It was also welcomed by Sardar Patel . Thus it is clear that the constitution framers hoped that by abolishing separate communal reservations and by guaranteeing fundamental rights to citizens, India will be able to solve the problem of minorities and will emerge one day as â€Å"one community†. However, this hope was disproved by later developments. The constitutional provisions that were finally embodied in the constitution to solve the minority problem included among others the following: Communal separate electorates as introduced under British rule were abolished, and following the Nehru Committee Report, 1928, joint electorates with reserved seats for socially backward communities were adopted. Universal Adult Suffrage was adopted  and every adult citizen was given the right to vote. Special provisions were made for reservation of seats for the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes both in State Legislatures and In Parliament. Initially such provisions were for ten years but since 1960 these were extended for 10 yearly bases. Fundamental Rights were guaranteed  and were made justifiable such as:  right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation and right to religious freedom. However, the chapter on fundamental rights also included provisions regarding protective discrimination in favour of children, women, Schedule Castes, Schedule Tribes and Backward classes. Besides these rights to individuals and citizens, the Constitution also provided for  cultural and educational rights of minority  as fundamental rights According to  Article 29  any section of citizens of India having distinct language, Script and culture has the right to conserve the same. It covers both the majority and minority communities. Hence the majority cannot burden its own language, script and culture on minority. Article 30  states that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have right to establish and administer educational institution of their choice. Special provisions are made for Anglo Indian Community in certain services such as to posts in railways, customs, postal and telegraph services and also educational grants for their benefits. Articles’ 336 and 337) Provision was made for the appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. (Article 340) A separate constitution was permitted for the state of Jammu and Kashmir  (Article 370) Similar special provisions were also made and added in subsequent   constitutional amendments to provide for particular demands of different linguistic, religious or regional backward minority groups such as development boards for  Vidharbha in Maharash tra and Kutch In Gujrat  (article 371 D) and  provisions for Andhra  (Art. 71 D) Similar special provisions were enacted to protect religious and social practices, customary law, ownership and transfer of land and its resources to tribal people with respect to states of North-East and other parts of the country. An analysis of these provisions shows that in spite of an emphasis on Universal Adult Suffrage and fundamental rights of individuals and citizens, plural nature of Indian society was not ignored and constitutional makers provided also for ethnic, religious and linguistic groups. While emphasizing liberal pluralism they also accepted the corporate pluralism to some extent and made provisions for rights of groups. Thus the makers of constitution had hoped that the problem of Minority created by Britishers would be solved peacefully with the constitutional framework and some day minority and majority would form â€Å"one community†. However, the problem has become more serious. In spite of numerous executive and legislative measures as well as constitutional amendments, the country still suffers from ethnic and terroristic violence. In order to check such destructive and violent activities, the state has to use police and even military power resulting in serious setback to the process of National Integration. In fact the minority problem is multi-dimensional which requires multi-dimensional solution. The modernization has developed two different tendencies. On one side it has strengthened the demand for identity of ethnic groups and one the other it has caused a desire for progress. It has been pointed out that in a low income multi-ethnic society modernization involves two processes which are often antagonistic. It provides opportunities for mobility which promotes internal migration; it also helps the development of Ethnic Cohesion. Ethnic Cohesion does not necessarily mean a break from the past; but it does involve modernity of tradition. Ethnic Cohesion in order to be effective requires resources which are distributed by political power. In a developing society like India, there is a scarcity of resources and every group’s fights for more and more resources. Every group desires to control or at least to have an effective voice in the distribution of resources. It is in this sense the political power occupies the central position in any political system. It is thus clear that the minority problem involves a number of variables both traditional and modern. It is therefore difficult to suggest readymade constitutional solution. Constitution is after all means which if properly implemented, can help to secure the desirable end. Much depends on how its provisions are interpreted and implemented. Keeping this in mind following measures can prove helpful to solve the problem of minority:- Policies of government are crises induced. Such policies encourage minority groups to put more demands leading ultimately to show off strength. This practice should be given up and certain objective criteria based on consensus among national leaders and ethnic group leaders should be laid down to grant more rights to these groups. Resources should be distributed among different groups justly and honestly. The regime should adopt transparent method for distribution of resources. Practice of Liberal Pluralism should be encouraged. This should be realized that any emphasis on the corporate pluralism will not help in the National Integration. Policy of accommodating minority/ethnic political demands should be favoured Finally, it is necessary that an atmosphere of trust should be created between national leaders and ethnic leaders. We must remember that the choice for us is between rapid evolution and violent revolution and if we cannot solve this problem soon our Constitution will become useless and powerless. â€Å"If India goes down, all will go down; if India thrives, all will thrive; if India lives all will live.

Intersectionality - Definition and Discussion

Intersectionality - Definition and Discussion Intersectionality refers to the simultaneous experience of categorical and hierarchical classifications including but not limited to race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality. It also refers to the fact that what is often perceived as disparate forms of oppression, like racism, classism, sexism, and xenophobia, are actually mutually dependent and intersecting in nature, and together they compose a unified system of oppression. Thus, the privileges we enjoy and  the discrimination we face  are a product of our unique positioning in society as determined by these social classifiers. The Intersectional Approach Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins developed and explained the concept of intersectionality in her groundbreaking book, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment, published in 1990. Today intersectionality is a mainstay concept of critical race studies, feminist studies, queer studies, the sociology of globalization, and a critical sociological approach, generally speaking. In addition to race, class, gender, sexuality, and nationality, many of todays sociologists also include categories like age, religion, culture, ethnicity, ability, body type, and even looks in their intersectional approach. Crenshaw on Race and Gender in the Legal System The term â€Å"intersectionality† was first popularized in 1989 by critical legal and race scholar  Kimberlà © Williams Crenshaw  in a paper titled, â€Å"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrines, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics,† published in The University of Chicago Legal Forum. In this paper, Crenshaw reviewed  legal proceedings to illustrate how it is the intersection of race and gender that shapes how black men and women experience the legal system. She found, for example, that when cases brought by black women failed to match the circumstances of those brought by white women or by black men, that their claims were not taken seriously because they didnt fit perceived normative experiences of race or gender. Thus, Crenshaw concluded that black women were disproportionately marginalized due to the simultaneous, intersecting nature of how they are read by others as both raced and gender ed subjects. Collins and a â€Å"Matrix of Domination While Crenshaw’s discussion of intersectionality centered on what she has referred to as â€Å"the double bind of race and gender,† Patricia Hill Collins broadened the concept in her book Black Feminist Thought. Trained as a sociologist, Collins saw the importance of folding class and sexuality into this critical analytic tool, and later in her career, nationality too. Collins deserves credit for theorizing a much more robust understanding of intersectionality, and for explaining  how the intersecting forces of race, gender, class, sexuality, and nationality manifest in a â€Å"matrix of domination.† Privileges and Forms of Oppression The point of understanding intersectionality is to understand the variety of privileges and/or forms of oppression  that one may experience simultaneously at any given time.  For instance, when examining the social world through an intersectional lens, one can see that a wealthy, white, heterosexual man who is a citizen of the United States experiences the world from the apex of privilege. He is in the higher strata of economic class, he is at the top of the racial hierarchy of U.S. society, his gender places him in a position of power within a patriarchal society, his sexuality marks him as â€Å"normal,† and his nationality bestows upon him a wealth of privilege and power in global context. The Ideas and Assumptions Encoded in Race By contrast, consider the everyday experiences of a poor, undocumented Latina living in the U.S. Her skin color and phenotype mark her as â€Å"foreign† and â€Å"other† compared with the perceived normality of whiteness. The ideas and assumptions encoded in her race suggest to many that she is not deserving of the same rights and resources as others who live in the U.S. Some may even assume that she is on welfare, manipulating the health care system, and is, overall, a burden to society. Her gender, especially in combination with her race, marks her as submissive and vulnerable, and as a target to those who may wish to exploit her labor and pay her criminally low wages, whether in a factory, on a farm, or for household labor. Her sexuality too and that of the men who may be in positions of power over her is an axis of power and oppression, as it can be used to coerce her through the threat of sexual violence. Further, her nationality, say, Guatemalan, and her undocumen ted status as an immigrant in the U.S., also functions as an axis of power and oppression, which might prevent her from seeking health care when needed, from speaking out against oppressive and dangerous work conditions, or from reporting crimes committed against her due to fear of deportation. The Analytic Lens of Intersectionality The analytic lens of  intersectionality  is valuable here because it allows us to consider a variety of social forces simultaneously, whereas a class-conflict analysis, or a gender or racial analysis, would limit our ability to see and understand the way privilege, power, and oppression operate in interlocking ways. However, intersectionality is not just useful for understanding how different forms of privilege and oppression exist simultaneously in shaping our experiences in the social world. Importantly, it also helps us to see that what is perceived as disparate forces are actually mutually dependent and co-constitutive. The forms of power and oppression present in the life of the undocumented Latina described above are particular not just to her race, gender, or citizenship status, but are reliant on common stereotypes of Latinas in particular, because of how their gender is understood in the context of their race, as submissive and compliant. Because of its power as an analytic tool, intersectionality is one of the most important and widely used concepts in sociology today.

The History of Black Muslims in America

The History of Black Muslims in America The long history of Black Muslims in America  goes far beyond the legacy of Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam. Understanding the  complete history  gives valuable insight into black American religious traditions and the development of Islamophobia. Enslaved Muslims in America Historians estimate that between 15 and 30 percent (as many as 600,000 to 1.2 million) of enslaved Africans brought to North America were Muslim. Many of these Muslims were literate, able to read and write in Arabic. In order to preserve the new development of race in which â€Å"Negroes† were classified as barbaric and uncivilized, some African Muslims (primarily those with lighter skin, slimmer features or looser hair textures) were categorized as â€Å"Moors,† creating a level of stratification amongst enslaved populations. White slaveholders often forced Christianity onto slave populations through forced assimilation, and Muslim slaves reacted to this in a variety of ways. Some became pseudo-converts to Christianity, utilizing what is known as taqiyah: the practice of denying one’s religion when faced with persecution. Within Islam, taqiyah is permissible when used to protect religious beliefs. Others, like Muhammad Bilali, author of the Bilali Document/The Ben Ali Diary, attempted to hold onto their Islamic roots without converting. In the early 1800s, Bilali started a community of African Muslims in Georgia called Sapelo Square. Others were not able to successfully circumnavigate forced conversion and instead brought aspects of Islam into their new religion. The Gullah-Geechee people, for example, developed a tradition known as a â€Å"Ring Shout,† which mimics the ritual counter-clockwise circling (tawaf) of the Kaaba in Mecca. Others continued practicing forms of sadaqah (charity), which is one of the five pillars of Islam. Descendants from Sapelo Square like Katie Brown, great grand-daughter of Salih Bilali, recall that some would make flat rice cakes called â€Å"saraka†. These rice cakes would be blessed using â€Å"Amiin,† the Arabic word for â€Å"Amen.† Other congregations took to praying in the east, with their backs facing the west because that was the way the devil sat. And, further still, they took to offering part of their prayers on rugs while on their knees. The Moorish Science Temple and Nation of Islam While the horrors of slavery and forced conversion were largely successful in silencing enslaved African Muslims, Islam continued to exist within the conscience of a people. Most notably, this historical memory led to the development of proto-Islamic institutions, which borrowed from and re-imagined Islamic tradition to answer specifically to the reality of black Americans. The first of these institutions was the Moorish Science Temple, founded in 1913. The second, and most well known, was the Nation of Islam (NOI), founded in 1930. There were Black Muslims practicing outside these institutions, like the Black American Ahmadiyya Muslims in the 1920s and the Dar al-Islam movement. However, proto-Islamic institutions, namely the NOI, gave way to the development of â€Å"Muslim† as a political identity rooted in black politics. Black Muslim Culture During the 1960s, Black Muslims were perceived as radical, as the NOI and figures such as Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali grew in prominence. The media focused on developing a narrative of fear, characterizing Black Muslims as dangerous outsiders in a country built on white, Christian ethics. Muhammad Ali captured the fear of the greater public perfectly when he said, â€Å"I am America. I am the part you wont recognize. But get used to me. Black, confident, cocky; my name, not yours; my religion, not yours; my goals, my own; get used to me.† Black Muslim identity also developed outside of the political sphere. Black American Muslims have contributed to a variety of musical genres, including the blues and jazz. Songs such as â€Å"Levee Camp Holler† utilized singing styles reminiscent of the adhan, or the call to prayer. In â€Å"A Love Supreme†, jazz musician John Coltrane uses a prayer format which mimics the semantics of the opening chapter of the Quran. Black Muslim artistry has also played a role in hip-hop and rap. Groups like The Five-Percent Nation, an offshoot of the Nation of Islam, the Wu-Tang Clan, and A Tribe Called Quest all had multiple Muslim members. Islamophobia Historically, the FBI has claimed that Islam is the greatest enabler of black radicalism and it continues to follow that line of thought today. In August 2017, an FBI report cited a new terroristic threat, â€Å"Black Identity Extremists†, in which Islam was singled out as a radicalizing factor. Programs such as Countering Violent Extremism couple with xenophobia to promote entrapment and cultures of surveillance, following past FBI programs such as the Counter Intelligence Program (COINTELPro). These programs target Black Muslims through the very specific nature of America’s anti-black Islamophobia.

Freedom of Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Freedom of Movement - Essay Example As Sergio Carrera (2005) suggests, "the right to move freely represents one of the fundamental freedoms of the internal market as well as an essential political element of the package of rights linked to the very status of EU citizenship." So the right to free movement is one of the foundations of the community, but there are "hidden and visible obstacles to the free movements of persons in Europe" (Carrera, 2005) that need to be considered. How many EU citizens has the free movement law enabled The last available statistics are for 1999, when the European Commission calculated that there were 2,700,000 EU Nationals (1.8% of the total workforce) working in a member state other than their own. (European, 2001) While not a massive number proportional to the total population, the migration of the workforce that these people represent are an essential part of the structure of a unified Europe. The whole question of the free movement of people within the EU is in fact part of a much broader question that has yet to be answered or even fully defined. Namely, is Europe heading towards a genuine federal unity or merely a patchwork of relationships between countries that have very close ties but which are still quite clearly separate sovereign states The basic question is, will there be a United States of Europe Until Europeans decide upon how this question needs to be framed, and in what way it will be answered, matters such as the free movement of persons will always be subject to this often unspoken but overwhelming dilemma: what is Europe As Craig and de Burca put it, "despite all the discussion in recent years of a finalite politique, this active, reflexive and constantly changing polity seems unlikely to reach a firm settlement in the near future." (Craig, 2003) This discussion will be divided into two basic sections. First the movement of EU citizens, and second, the movement of non-EU citizens throughout the community. Together with these two sections, the events of 9/11/2001 and the subsequent tightening of security throughout Europe brought about a division between "pre" and "post" 9/11. While the full connotations of the post 9/11 security measures have yet to be fulfilled, it does represent a watershed in law regarding movement. First, movement of EU citizens in the context of the Treaty and subsequent case-law. In 1997 the draft Treaty of Amsterdam was published, and it Article B gave impetus to "the abolition of internal borders between the Member States and the regulation of admission of persons through external borders." (Amsterdam, 1997) While three member states (UK, Ireland and Denmark) opted out of this provision, the European Court of Justice was given jurisdiction to interpret measures that were brought in by the European Parliament, "though with a more limited jurisdiction than in any other field of community law." (Guild, 1998) After the Treaty of Rome and subsequent Treaties that drew European countries into union, the concept of the free Movement of Persons was based upon economic policy. If there was to be free movement of trade then people needed to be included within the equation. As Jeffrey (2004) puts it, "in this context human beings were treated as being simply another economic factor within the new European market: persons were given a right to move freely within that market, but so were investments, professional services, machine tools, and cheeses."

Economic topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic topic - Assignment Example This paper, therefore, explains the empirical evidence on different roles played by the history and geography on the international finance and how they are inter-connected in improving the investors desires in the market. Over the recent years, geography has been seen as the growing interests of the international finance, particularly, on the studies of using the gravity models. The models were being used to determine the direction of the cross border financial flows and stocks. Using this approach, the bilateral trade in assets is deemed to increase depending with the size of the country and also decline with information asymmetries and transaction costs. This is because they are being captured by geographical distance and the variables relating to it (Portes and Rey, 2005). Furthermore, there has been a lot of empirical work on the gravity but has taken place without a theoretical foundation which can stand firm on the matter of financial holdings for cross-border. Anderson and van Wincoop (2003) gave an analysis that the estimated gravity equations which are not being founded in economic theory can result to biased estimations since some variables are omitted. It also leads to comparatives with an incorrect static analysis which doesn’t consider the general equilibrium effects of changing the cross border barriers. Different sources of literature such as Clemens and Williamson (2004) highlight the important trend and progress of the financial globalization since 1990s although it has not analyzed the historical forces which have influenced the international investment for a longer period of time. The existing literature also doesn’t highlight the applicability and generality over time of the emphasized factors on the standard framework. These shortcomings aroused the interests of writing this paper in order to be addressed accordingly. The paper gives a clear discussion on the issue by estimating the gravity model the international investment u sing an example of information on Us investors’ holdings. The history an effect is being tested through the past holdings influenced the current holdings (Eichengreen and Irwin, 1998). The aspect on how the past investment influences the current investment is through the fixed costs. The empirical evidence and literature theories have shown the permanent impacts on trade patterns as a result of mart penetration. This is due to the fixed costs incurred by firms when entering into the new market which they can’t get when exiting the same market (Dixit, 1989). The passing shocks of literatures can be cumulated to impact a more powerful still which can lead firms to penetrating the market and have the ability to learn more about the market in question thereby, have the advantage of having the initial information of the market. This helps many organizations to analyze the conditions of the current market with the information contained of the past before deciding on which st rategy to be used in penetrating the larger market. In simple terms, the historical theories and literature helps many companies to be prepares on the impacts as many firms have been penetrated in the past. As it is currently penetrating, hence, there

Globalization-Albania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Globalization-Albania - Essay Example Apparently, Albania has also been strongly affected by the impacts of globalization in almost every sphere of its economic environment (Fulani, 2012). Based on this notion, the discussion henceforth will attempt to analyze the history of Albania and the transactional era of the country, considering its post-independence era since the 1990s. Historians and economists have often argued that most of the changes witnessed in the economic structure of Albania took place during the 1990s, after its independence. For instance, at the post independent era, Albania began moving towards global open market operations, increasing the effects of globalization on the economy (Barolli, n.d.). These economic interventions in Albania will also be analyzed to review the prosperity of the nation, on the basis of several parameters. Contextually, this paper will aim at analyzing the political conditions of Albania and the governmental structure of the country, treating it as a parameter to achieve econo mic prosperity. The legal and regulatory business environment of Albania will also be discussed in the paper, captivating the concern of international trade rules and legal policies followed by the country. This paper will further concentrate on the economic advantages of the country, by analyzing the natural resources of Albania along with its financial and monetary policies. Furthermore, the several cultural dimensions of the Albania and the impact of this diversity on its economical growth will also be defined in the further discussion. In addition, the discussion will render due emphasis on identifying the key competitive advantages associated with the current economic model in Albania and accordingly, suggest few recommendations for the country to sustain its growth in the global context. History of Albania Albania is situated in the South-Eastern border of Europe. The country has an ‘emerging democracy’. Officially, it is well known as the ‘Republic of Alban ia’. Its capital is Tirana or Tirane (CIA, n.d.). However, the mystery is today solved and the people of Albania are referred as ‘Albanians’, the most Ancient Race in the South-Eastern Europe. Contextually, several theories have been established in order to solve the problems associated with the country and to reach the current state (Barolli, n.d.). According to Gjata (2013), â€Å"Albanian history is one long tale of epic struggles against one invader after the other†. Apparently, historical factors have impacted the identity of Albania through several centuries in terms of foreign dominations and also due to the two consequent World Wars. In the beginning of the 9th century, particularly because of the weaknesses possessed by the then authoritative Byzantine Empire in Albania, Angevins of the Southern Italy, Venetians as well as Serbs obtained the opportunity to invade Albania and consequently, obtain a dominating position within the dynasty. This furth er paved the way to the fall of Byzantine Empire in the country. As a result, in the mid of 14th century, the rule of Byzantine Empire came to the end, which was controlling the nation for almost 1000 years. After few decades, the country faced another threat which came from Ottoman Turks in the year 1388 and after four

Indian Camp and Barn Burning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Indian Camp and Barn Burning - Research Paper Example s with the reality of cruelty in the world--with war, violence, death, racism, and hatred--while others deal with family, friends, or community issues† (2010). Both Hemingways Indian Camp and Faulkners Barn Burning transparently fit these criteria, but the stories have very different trajectories and symbolisms. While both Indian Camp and Barn Burning are coming of age stories, Indian Camps trajectory of responsibility has to do with the institutions and culture surrounding the phenomenon of death as well as the phenomenon itself, while Barn Burning has to do with realizing the limitations of ones parents and transcending them. In Indian Camp, Nick enters the story at an unknown age, but presumably as a younger teenager. He is young enough that his father feels that it must be explained that â€Å"This lady is going to have a baby†, but old enough that he knows what this means. But by the end of the story, Nick has been exposed to a trifecta: Death, birth and the connected sexuality, and pain and violence of a sort (Tetlow, 1992, pg. 53-55). He is exposed to the horrible blood and death of the Indian fathers suicide: â€Å"He pulled back the blanket from the Indians head. His hand came away wet. He mounted on the edge of the lower bunk with the lamp in one hand and looked in. The Indian lay with his face toward the wall. His throat had been cut from ear to ear. The blood had flowed down into a pool where his body sagged the bunk. His head rested on his left arm. The open razor lay, edge up, in the blankets†. He is exposed to sexuality and its costs by the birth of the child and by the relatio nship between the Indian woman and her husband. He is exposed to birth and its potential costs and dangers, and his father has to explain that not all births are that perilous. He is exposed to violence, to the way knives and razors both help and hurt. This is far too much for a kid to take in. Nicks father could be accused of callousness when he says, â€Å"But her screams are

International Sales Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Sales Contracts - Essay Example Contract of sale is explicit and aid in deciding the issues, there are circumstances where the intention of the parties do matter apart from the legal terms forming part of the contract of sale. However as has been pointed out by Lord Wright in Ross T Smyth and Co Ltd Bailey, Son and Co1 the intention of the parties cannot be subjected to any proof; rather the intentions can be ascertained â€Å"from the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case.† This paper brings out the implications of the observations of Lord Wright about the intentions of the parties to a contract of sale with regard to the FOB and CIF contracts and also the improvements if any brought about by section 20A newly introduced by the Sale of Goods (Amendment) Act 1995 on the position of the CIF buyer of bulk goods. According to the basic principle in the law relating to the contract of sale, all the terms of the contract depends entirely on the intention of the parties to the contract. Though this situation is true in a number of cases this position is usually forgotten by the parties involved. However such intentions cover even the terms governing the time at which the title and risk pass to the buyer. Hence it can be stated that only under the circumstances where the intention of the parties is not clear or if the agreement between them is silent the law relating to the sale of goods provides the missing terms to conclude the contract or settle the dispute if any. This position of importance given to the intention of the parties in a contract of sale is recognized even by the common law statutes and the civil codes. Under the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the ‘intention of the parties’ has been referred to in a number of instances. Under section 10 the phrases â€Å"unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract† are being used. Sections 17(1), 18 and 20 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 also have used the intention of the parties.