A Tale of Two Cities Parallels in Characters, Classes,...

Charles Dickens utilizes doubles and contrasts to enhance the plot of Dickens uses parallels in characters, social classes, and events that compliment each other to strengthen the plot. Its themes of violence in revolutionaries, resurrection, and sacrifice also help support the story. Primarily, the characters in the book are foils for each other. One example is Lucie Manette and Madame Defarge. Lucie is a very gentle and loving woman. Everything that she does shows her kindness and virtue. Her tenderness and adoration for everyone empowers her to unite the family. For instance, when Lucie s father was in a horrible state of depression, the only cure for his sadness was the sight of Lucie s face and the touch of her skin. On the other†¦show more content†¦The Aristocrats, on the other hand, are extraordinarily wealthy in both power and money. They care none about the welfare of human beings other than themselves. They rule and enjoy France with much elegance and incredibly immense residences. Dickens writes, ...sentencing youth to have his hands cut off, his tongue torn out with pincers, and his body burned alive, because he had not kneeled down in the rain to do honour to a dirty procession of monks which passed within his view, atShow MoreRelatedTale Of Two Cities Juxtaposition Analysis980 Words   |  4 PagesJuxtaposition is the comparison of two things put close together. It is evident that the stylistic element of juxtaposition plays a pivotal role in Charles Dickens’ world renowned novel, A Tale of Two Cities. In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens utilizes juxtaposition to add a depth of meaning, specifically to illuminate socioeconomic disparities and unrest during the French Revolution, which is evident through the first chapter, the excessiveness aristocrats and the anguish of the peasants,Read MoreEssay on A Tale of Two Cities- A Historical fiction1889 Words   |  8 PagesA Tale of Two Cities- A Historical fiction A Tale of Two Cities is a novel categorized as historical fiction. Historical fiction is a composite material, with a portion of history embedded in a matrix of fiction. A Tale of Two Cities is appropriately titled, as the novel is the story of England and Revolutionary France; as a result it can be categorized as historical fiction. A Tale of Two Cities is parallel to history in many different respects. The English setting, and atmosphere, is similarlyRead MoreMan s Inhumanity Towards His Fellow Man1523 Words   |  7 PagesFellow Man The French Revolution, beginning in 1789, was a time of great change brought about by great necessity as a result of an even greater suppression and division of classes. A Tale of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens, was published in 1859 as a reflective novel about the influential and relatively recent historical event. Shown in both the novel and in historical facts, the Revolution begins as an eruption of built up oppression over hundreds of years, but progresses into a more complexRead MoreCharles Dickens A Tale Of Two Cities1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution is frequently referred to as one of the bloodiest time periods in history, being branded as an event that would evidently spawn ideals that were barely indulged in before and were built primarily on equality. The historical premise presented within Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities introduces similarities between the Revolutionaries he created, and of the prominence of the French Revolution, as well as t he Revolution itself; however, its representation of figures as well as societyRead MoreCharles Dickens A Tale Of Two Cities1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution is frequently referred to as one of the bloodiest time periods in history, being branded as an event that would evidently spawn ideals that were barely indulged in before and were built primarily on equality. The historical premise presented within Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities introduces similarities between the Revolutionaries he created, and of the prominence of the French Revolution, as well as the Revolution itself; however, its representation of figures as well as societyRead MoreA Jazzy Look At Gatsby1669 Words   |  7 Pageswhen a book was written to describe the 1920s scene, no doubt there had to be dance, and lots of it. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the energy level of the parties, music, and dancing to represent a vast array of emotions within the characters. The 1920s was when dance truly flourished in America. In the earlier years of the 1900s dances like the Waltz and Foxtrot were considered scandalous, because it involved contact between the male and female partners. However, once these dancesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1664 Words   |  7 Pageswhen a book was written to describe the 1920s scene, no doubt there had to be dance, and lots of it. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the energy level of the parties, music, and dancing to represent a vast array of emotions within the characters. The 1920s was when dance truly flourished in America. In the earlier years of the 1900s dances like the Waltz and Foxtrot were considered scandalous, because it involved contact between the male and female partners. However, once these dancesRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1458 Words   |  6 Pagesfarms into large cities. â€Å"Since The Great Gatsby is the defining novel of the Twenties, which have become trivialized and vulgarized by people†¦ it was necessary and useful to provide a corrective assessment of that era and Fitzgerald’s response to it† (XI). I personally believe Fitzgerald did just that. The development of Jay Gatsby’s character is all about rebirth and reinvigorating yourself; even if these developments are canards. Nonetheless, the tale of revival is a parallel belief echoed throughoutRead MoreCharles Dickens : A Social Critic And English Writer Essay2210 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was a social criti c and English writer. Dickens generated some of globe’s most renowned fictional characters. He is viewed as the most remarkable writer of the Victorian period. Dickens’ works, during his life, enjoyed exceptional popularity. By 20th century, scholars and critics called him a literary genius. Dickens’ short stories and novels continue to be popular. Dickens was born in Portsmouth in England. He was forced to drop out of school following his father’s imprisonmentRead MoreThe French Revolution2967 Words   |  12 PagesThe setting alternates between various locations in France and England, taking place primarily in the cities of Paris and London respectively. Within each geographic location are specific recurring locations. In France, these include places such as the Defarge’s wine shop, the estate of the Marquis, and the Bastille. In England, these include places such as the courthouse, the Manette home, and Tellson’s Bank. The story spans se veral decades, from 1775 to 1793. This time period covers critical points

A Report on Japanese Culture Essay - 1086 Words

A Report on Japanese Culture Folkways: While most countries have business cards, Japan has taken it to a higher level. For in Japan everyone has at least one. Known as #8216;Meishi#8217;, these cards are an important part of social interactions. They are used for starting conversations, for if you know what the other person you are talking with does for a living you have an idea on what to talk about. It also allows you to be remembered after you both part company. You should always be prepared with your business card in Japan. Another custom in Japan is gift giving. Gifts are given and received at any possible occasion in Japan. It is a way to show appreciation and is viewed as the thing to do. According to etiquette;†¦show more content†¦This drawing style is considered to be the Japanese equivalent to the American comic book. With its sometimes violent and explicit graphics it could be shrugged off as nothing more than a cheap thrill. This notion is quickly put aside w hen one realizes just how far the reach of Manga has stretched. This graphic-novel is read by people of all ages in Japan. From the schoolgirl reading back copies of the popular #8220;Sailor Moon#8221; series, to the businessman reading the companies handbook portrayed in an eye-pleasing comic book like manual. Due to its thoughtful plot and interesting drawing style, the manga will thrive for a long time to come. An object that is used daily by millions of Japanese people worldwide is called chopsticks, also known as Hashi. Originally from china this eating device had been shortened and simplified in design. While some chopsticks may be crafted out of ivory, bone, or other materials; the modern chopsticks have been made in the better-known wooden snap-apart versions that are used in such abundance today. It is also an important part in the aesthetic look that Japanese food aspires to. The use of chopsticks in religious ceremonies also dictates certain ways of using this utensil. Su bcultures: A facet that makes up the gem of the Japanese culture is called the Yakuza. The Yakuza are close to the organized criminal-underground of Europe and America called theShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Tiffany And Co1650 Words   |  7 Pagesshareholder report, sales in Japan make up 14% of world wide net sales. In order reach this point, the executives at Tiffany and Co. must have studied Japanese culture in an effort to not offend their future business partners. Since there are great cultural and etiquette differences, the deal could have failed quite quickly if the hosts felt disrespected. This report examines the background of Tiffany and Co., the cultural differences between the United States and Japan, as well as Japanese culture and managementRead MoreEssay about A History of Japan1460 Words   |  6 Pagesactions have left the major world powers in the world stunned. The base of this amazing country is astonishing just by itself. The base is a bunch of active and lar ge under water volcanoes. Japans uniqueness from the rest of the world ranges from its culture to its very interesting history to the change in government every few hundred years and their trading dilemma with petroleum and their assortment of fish that they export. Japan as a country is so very appealing and kind compared to the rest of theRead MoreWar Without Mercy, By John W. Dower1166 Words   |  5 Pagesefforts. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, American perceptions of the Japanese was epitomized by racial propaganda that scrutinized their new powerful enemy. Meanwhile Japan sought to keep out the impure Western culture from spreading East by defaming it. Despite these differences, both nations’ utilized similar approaches in the creation of their propaganda, dehumanizing the inferior enemy while glorify their superior power and culture. John W. Dower explains the factors that were brought about duringRead MoreConfucius Lives Next Door Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesT herefore, the major purpose of this report is to briefly review of T. R. Reid’s book â€Å"Confucius Lives Next Door: What Leaving In The East Teaches Us About Living In the West† through concisely unfolding the experience of Reid’s family concerning the Confucian ethos. Moreover, the report would also reveal the influence of Confucian ethos within the modern Japanese culture and identify the lesson which might contribute to a better social experience within the Western culture (Reid 29-66). CONFUCIANISM ASRead MoreCultural Differences Between The East And West Ideologies Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesPermeating their art, mental, physical, and spiritual training, and business management ideologies, the Japanese culture is steeped in traditionalism. In pursuit of the best elements of management styles, the Eastern approach must be explored. Are there aspects of Japanese management styles that are superior to Western management methodologies? Looking at some of the differences between the East and West ideologies there are several areas to compare and contrast the principles. Hence, these culturalRead MoreCase Study : Caterpillar s Cost Management717 Words   |  3 PagesKomatsu’s 2015 Annual report delineates that the ROA is about 5.5%. The indicated data by Komatsu is 154,009 million yen as net income and 2,798,407 million yen as a summary of assets (Komatsu Report 2015, 31). Caterpillar, in reference, delineates an ROA of 4.4% and John Deere delineates an ROA of 5.2%. ). Using the two competitors in addendum to Komatsu, it is logical to maintain that Komatsu’s differentiation strategy has resulted in above average returns. As one can determine, Komatsu’s ROA,Read MoreTranslation Essentials : The Importance Of Japanese Translation898 Words   |  4 PagesTranslation Essentials: The Importance of Japanese Translation When many people think about Japan they reflect upon its great history. Stories of Samurai warriors, silk kimonos, and sushi. Others think about a nuclear nation that features one of the world s most cutting-edge technology industries. Whatever your view on Japan, if you are thinking about doing business there, you need to have top-notch translation, since recent tests place Japan at the bottom of all Asian countries when it comes toRead MoreAnthropology : The Field Of Linguistic Anthropology912 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity was to take a language and culture class. Several of the first lectures focused on the history of linguistics and anthropology. I was introduced to the idea that language, thought, and culture all influence each other. This meant that studying language, when divorced from the concept of culture, creates a myopic view of linguistics. It had never occurred to me that linguistic does not occur in a vacuum and needs to be examined alongside the culture it is a ssociated with. Seeds of changeRead MoreThe Keiretsu Culture in Japan1106 Words   |  5 Pagesas ASIAN MARKETS | November 23 2011 | THIS REPORT TALKS ABOUT THE KEIRETSU CULTURE IN JAPAN AND HOW IT IS USED IN MARKETING, CAPITAL AND MANPOWER STRATEGIES. IT ASLO TALKS ABOUT THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN THE GLOBALIZED WORLD. | BY: AFREEN KHAN | THE KEIRETSU CULTURE IN JAPAN Keiretsu is a Japanese term and translated as Group. It also interpreted as partnership or alliance. Keiretsu is the renowned Japanese co-operate grouping characterized by cross-share holdingsRead MoreEast Asian Union : The World Trade Organization1468 Words   |  6 Pagesa lot of Chinese teenagers have the strong anti-japan moods because of the Japanese invasion from 1937 to 1945. Truly, the Japanese invasion in the last century was the disgrace during the whole Chinese history and all Chinese people should know the truth of the Sino-Japanese War. However, the history is there and will be there forever. No one can take the time machine to go back to change the history of the Sino-Japanese War. People should learn some lessons from that war and to strive to guarantee

Flinder Valve Case Study free essay sample

However, before May 2008, the U. S. began to experience better economic conditions, which provided FVC a better environment to introduce its new, hydraulic-controls system called the â€Å"widening gyre,† which can be used in the military industry. With this expensive program still under development, Bill Flinder realized the importance of merging with another company that was financially stable. Other factors contributed the negotiation. In addition to nearing retirement, Flinder also believe a merger with RSE would help the transition years for his employees. FVC and RSE should follow-through and complete the negotiation because one company’s strengths make up for the other’s weaknesses. Tom Eliot had recently proposed to the board of RSE to focus on diversification. FVC would help diversify RSE; they had the reputation of opening up opportunities for companies looking to diversify, plant capacity, management efficiency, financial resources, or to even counter the effect of a cyclical business. We will write a custom essay sample on Flinder Valve Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, FVC is in a position that would require financial stability. In addition to the required funds for the â€Å"widening gyre† program, the increase in the consolidation trend posed as potential problem for FVC because it would give away the company’s competitive advantage. FVC is a small company and could be pushed out of the manufacturing market if their competition learns of their production process. It needs production know-how if it wants to remain as a strong competitor. RSE has those strengths. They are a low-cost producer with an unusual production knowledge, which would prevent competitors from learning their process through analysis and reverse engineering. RSE is also financially stable and has a greater purchasing power, which is what FVC lacks. Through this merger, FVC could reduce their materials and in-process costs while gaining more access to the marketing and distribution network. In addition to the financial gains, Tom Eliot shows no intentions just acquiring FVC’s brand name. FVC’s management team is what attracted Eliot in the first place. If Bill Flinder is to merge with another company, why not merge with one that is run by a respected man who actually plans on preserving FVC and its employees? After carefully analyzing the data given, we believe that FVC’s value is roughly $270 millions, including synergies. The company’s stand-alone equity value is more than $158 millions. The synergies that derive from this acquisition are extremely beneficial to both FVC and RSE. RSE’s purchasing power would help to reduce material costs for FVC. The acquisition would also bring in estimated tax savings of $2 millions the first year and $4 millions thereafter. RSE’s new project, CORE, is expected to improve and save in-process costs for FVC, making it more efficient and helping to increase the company’s bottom line. Moreover, FVC could utilize RSE’s marketing power and strategies to advertise their new advanced hydraulic-controls system or â€Å"widening gyre†. Flinder believed that the â€Å"widening gyre† could generate $10 to $18 millions to the company if successfully developed. Both company’s products complement each other’s, therefore, providing the customers a wider selection of industrial components. Despite a decline in the industry, both companies were performing well. Once the acquisition is announced and negotiation is under way, stock price for both companies is also expected to increase. RSE, a big and tough competitor in the industry, is going to be bigger, stronger, and gaining additional market shares. They prove their stability and growth with this acquisition. Investors are more likely to believe in their company’s value and in turn would lead to higher stock prices and more value for both companies. Flinder’s opening bid should range from $380 to $390 millions which will give him some room for negotiation. We feel that he should not go through with this acquisition if RSE’s offer is lower than $300 millions.

William Henry Harrison Essay Example For Students

William Henry Harrison Essay William Henry HarrisonWilliam Henry Harrison was born in Berkeley, Virginia in 1773. He grew up on a farm and worked as a planter. At the age of 18 he attended Hampden Sydney College. There he studied history, later on he went to study medicine in Richmond, Virginia. That same year he switched his interest an in 1791 he joined the First Infantry of the Regular Army. Harrison then headed to the Northwest, where he spent much of his life. During his time in the Army he served as an aid to General Mad Anthony Wayne. Together they fought in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The win of this battle opened most of the Ohio area to settlement. In 1798 he resigned from the Army and became Secretary of the Northwest Territory. There he was the first delegate to Congress, and obtained a legislation dividing the territory Into the northwest and Indiana territories. In 1801 he became the governor of the Indiana Territory, serving 12 years. Harrison was responsible for defending all of the settlements from the Indians. We will write a custom essay on William Henry Harrison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1809 a powerful Indian force led by an energetic chieftain Tecumseh posed a threat to the settlers. Tecumseh was responsible for strengthening the Indian confederation to prevent settlers from moving in on their territory. However on November 7, 1871 Harrison planned an attack on the Indian Confederacy. As Harrisons men moved in they were attacked at the Tippecanoe River. 190 men were dead or wounded, this was known as the Battle of Tippecanoe. Although Harrison experienced a loss of men, he still led victorious. The Indians were still persistent in their raids against Harrison and the settlers. Harrison was given the title of brigadier general of the army during the War of 1812. He also defeated the combined British and Indian forces at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813. There he killed Tecumseh and forced all the Indians to the Northwest. After his victory he returned to civilian life and nominated by the Whigs to be president in 1840. Tragically after being in office not even a month he passed away. He caught a cold which later turned out to be pneumonia. He died April 4, 1841. He was the first president to die in office. Harrison is a positive role model for us in our society today. He was a strong leader with many ideas. He also showed us how his powerful leadership helped him become someone important. However it is a shame that he had to die due to sickness especially when he was in office. TWords/ Pages : 511 / 24

Research Paper on Necrophilia Essay Example

Research Paper on Necrophilia Essay Example Research Paper on Necrophilia Paper Research Paper on Necrophilia Paper Humans are sexual beings. The procreation process is quite pleasurable and therefore the process is widespread and has many different variations tailored to people’s desires. Different people have different preferences. This paper focuses on a taboo that has been around for centuries and is still considered grotesque and detestable now as it was long ago. Necrophilia is a sexual attraction to corpses (Necrophilia). The prefix necro is Greek, meaning â€Å"death†, and philia is Greek for â€Å"love†. I choose this topic because of the interesting debate in class about Faulkers short story, â€Å" A Rose for Miss Emily†, that insinuated that she was a necrophilic. ?Necrophilia isn’t a new phenomenon. It has been going on since ancient times, with humans and even in the animal kingdom. Important Egyptian men kept their wives 7 days after death in attempt to prevent the embalmers from sexually defiling their corpses. Guards would guard tombs to protect corpses from grave robbers who would either rob the corpses or perform sexual acts with it. (Robinson 778). Legend has it that king Herod of Judea had sex with wife for 7 years after she died ( insert citiation). Many species of birds such as the mallard duck, jay bird and swallow who were observed engaging in necrophilia with the mallard duck having a homosexual necrophilic relations. ( insert citation) ? There are three different types of necrophilia. The pseudo, regular and homicidal necrophile, vary in degrees but all involve sexual arousal and gratification from a dead body. The pseudo-necrophile only fantasizes about corpses. They can role-play with a live woman who is told to be completely still and even powdered up. These lesser scale versions of necrophiles also get gratified by just viewing a dead body(insert cition). ?Another type of necrophilia is called regular necrophilia where the only way gratification is received is through actual intercourse with a dead body. Since the way to sexual pleasure is through dead bodies, these people find jobs or careers that place them around the dead. Necrophiles most common access to the dead is through their jobs. These occupations are ambulance driver, morticians, and cemetery employees. ( insert cite) ? The last type and more horrific type of necrophile are called a necro-sadistic offender which is a homicidal necrophile. These necrophiles are felons not because of their sexual acts, but because they obtain their corpses by actually killing people unlike the regular necrophiles who obtain them through their jobs. Some of these necrophiles engage in mutilation the body. The mutilation also stimulates and satisfies the offender sexually. Experts claim this type of necrophilic activity is the rarest. ( cite source) One would think that for someone to actually kill someone, just to carry out a sexual fantasy, would mean that they are mentally deranged. ?Some necrophiles have been diagnosed with personality disorder but surprisingly a high percentage of them have above average intelligence and normal personalities. According to ______ , â€Å"Necrophiles have been identified as insensitive to others, possessing a deep hatred for women, and experience an overwhelming fear of rejection. In the latter instance, the perpetrator compensates for feelings of inadequacy inasmuch as the actual sexual activity with a corpse provides the necrophile with sense of having the victim in complete submission to his authority and will. Rejection does not happen, failure does not occur, and humiliation is impossible.

Cómo acreditar la ciudadanía por naturalización

Cà ³mo acreditar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n Los nuevos estadounidenses que obtienen la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n  pueden acreditar su estatus mediante un certificado conocido como N-550. Es el documento que se entrega al finalizar la ceremonia de naturalizacià ³n con la jura de lealtad a los Estados Unidos. Tambià ©n se le conoce como certificado de naturalizacià ³n y no debe confundirse con el certificado de ciudadanà ­a, que es un documento distinto para otro tipo de casos. El certificado de naturalizacià ³n debe revisarse con atencià ³n en ese momento y, si hubiera algà ºn error, como un mal deletreo del nombre o del apellido o un fallo en la fecha de nacimiento o paà ­s de origen o en el estado civil, debe comunicarse a un oficial del Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En ese momento podr corregirse de forma gratuita. Este certificado de naturalizacià ³n es muy importante. Ya que acredita que una persona ha dejado de ser extranjera por las autoridades de los Estados Unidos. Y, por lo tanto, se convierte en ciudadana estadounidense de pleno derecho, con todos los derechos, libertades y obligaciones.   Adems, este certificado sirve para acreditar la nacionalidad para sacar el pasaporte estadounidense y como documento que pruebe al llenar el I-9 que se tiene derecho a trabajar en Estados Unidos. En este artà ­culo se explican cules son las caracterà ­sticas del certificado de naturalizacià ³n, que est prohibido hacer con à ©l, cules son los consejos que deben seguirse en su custodia, quà © debe hacerse si se extravà ­a o deteriora y, finalmente, derechos de los nuevos ciudadanos que deciden irse a vivir definitivamente o por largas temporadas a otro paà ­s. Caracterà ­sticas fà ­sicas del certificado de naturalizacià ³n N-550 En la actualidad este documento cuenta con importantes medidas de seguridad que dificultan su falsificacià ³n. Por ejemplo, la foto del nuevo ciudadano aparece digitalizada, la firma forma parte intrà ­nseca del certificado y la tinta con la que se imprime cambia de color. Todas estas caracterà ­sticas hacen que ahora sea muy difà ­cil adulterar, falsificar o manipular el documento. Destacar que los certificados anteriores a 2010, que carecen de esas caracterà ­sticas, siguen siendo vlidos. Pero debido a caracterà ­sticas como tener la foto del interesado simplemente pegada y su firma escrita a mano hacen que no sean tan seguros como los actuales. Por este motivo, se recomienda que se tomen especiales medidas para tenerlo siempre en un lugar seguro para evitar que pueda caer en manos criminales. Prohibicià ³n de fotocopiar el certificado de naturalizacià ³n y excepcià ³n Este certificado es mucho ms que un simple papel. Su titular es ciudadano de Estados Unidos, con todos los derechos que eso conlleva. Y precisamente para evitar que se pueda hacer uso fraudulento del mismo, se considera que es ilegal fotocopiarlo. Sin embargo, hay una excepciones a esta regla general. Y es que se  puede fotocopiar cuando el propio USCIS u otra oficina del gobierno es quien solicita una copia. Por ejemplo, cuando el nuevo ciudadano solicita una visa para su prometido o novia, o cuando pide una green card para un familiar. Aà ºn en estos casos, algunos abogados recomiendan que la fotocopia se haga en blanco y negro y que en la parte blanca del margen se anote This is a copy for USCIS purposes. Tambià ©n se puede fotocopiar cuando sea otro organismo oficial del gobierno quien realiza la peticià ³n. En algunas ceremonias de naturalizacià ³n, los agentes del USCIS seà ±alan que el certificado sà ­ se puede fotocopiar pero sà ³lo en blanco y negro y sà ³lo para que su titular lo guarde y lo utilice como una herramienta para tener tranquilidad mental. Es decir, saber que tiene una copia si el original se pierde. (Pero la copia no puede nunca ser utilizada para ninguna gestià ³n oficial excepto en los dos casos arriba aludidos). En ningà ºn caso se puede fotocopiar y enviar la copia a una empresa privada o entregarla a familiares, amigos o vecinos. Consejos para el mantenimiento del Certificado de naturalizacià ³n Procurar  no doblar el certificado. Con el paso del tiempo podrà ­a hacer que partes del documento se hagan difà ­ciles de leer. No enmarcar el certificado. Las oficinas del gobierno sà ³lo lo pueden aceptar como documento si no est enmarcado. Es necesario poder tocar el certificado.Si tiene que ir a la Embajada o al consulado de su paà ­s de nacimiento para registrar la ciudadanà ­a estadounidense y asà ­ conservar la original, no permitir  que marquen, grapen o escriban en el certificado. Si lo hacen, el certificado se considera daà ±ado y habr que pedir uno nuevo al USCIS (instrucciones ms abajo). Quà © hacer si se necesita obtener una nueva copia del certificado de naturalizacià ³n Puede suceder que el certificado sufra daà ±os, se extravà ­e o, incluso, que se cambie de nombre por matrimonio, divorcio u otra razà ³n. En estos casos se puede solicitar que el USCIS emita un nuevo certificado rellenando el formulario N-565. La tarifa actual que hay que pagar es de $345 por la gestià ³n (verificar siempre el importe, a que puede variar sin previo aviso).   Si se est pasando por una à ©poca de dificultades econà ³micas, podrà ­a ser posible, si se cumplen los requisitos, aplicar para no tener que pagar estar tarifa al USCIS En ese enlace se puede acceder siempre a formulario actualizado, a informacià ³n al dà ­a sobre costo por enviar esta solicitud y a quà © oficina del USCIS se debe enviar, dependiendo del lugar en el que se reside. El USCIS entregar el nuevo certificado al titular en persona, a su representante legal o utilizar correo certificado o registrado. Si la razà ³n por la que se pide el nuevo certificado es que el original se ha daà ±ado, antes de recibir el nuevo hay que entregar, obligatoriamente, lo que quede del daà ±ado. El certificado de naturalizacià ³n reemplazado recibe el nombre tà ©cnico de N-570. A tener en cuenta cuando el ciudadano se muda a otro paà ­s Ahora que ya se es ciudadano,se puede pasar largas temporadas en otro paà ­s o mudarte definitivamente al extranjero sin perder nunca el estatus de ciudadano por el mero hecho de vivir en otro paà ­s. En estos casos es importante saber cà ³mo se transmite la nacionalidad por sangre a los  hijos nacidos en el extranjero. Asimismo, es importante saber quà © derechos de jubilacià ³n se tiene u otros como votar en las elecciones presidenciales. Por otra parte, no olvidar que se siguen teniendo obligaciones, como  seguir pagando impuestos en Estados Unidos. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Prime Ministers can never behave like Presidents. Therefore, the Essay - 1

Prime Ministers can never behave like Presidents. Therefore, the presidentialisation of parliamentary democracies thesis is misguided. Discuss - Essay Example 2010). This mounting discontent in several parliamentary democracies is taking place against the backdrop of a popular movement toward individual headship by the chief executive. This has not been complemented by new machineries that would enable the electorate to make their leaders, instead of the parliamentarians and parties, responsible (Mughan 2000). The case of Britain, and existing pre-election movement, reveals these conflicts well. Tony Blair pleases voters on the basis of his reputation, but the electorate cannot reprimand or reward the prime minister directly. Their sole power is to support or oppose his/her party, whose control on its leader is usually viewed as restricted (Flinders, Gamble, Hay & Kenny 2009). This disparity in accountability has broadened over the recent decades. Although political leadership strategies and electoral appeals in Britain throughout the past three decades have become ever more presidential and individualised, the system stays decisively party and parliamentary based (Gunther, Montero & Puhle 2007). The emergence of this ‘individualisation’ of political leadership has been traced by the author of The British Presidency, Michael Foley (2000). He claimed that it is, partly, the politicians’ reaction to the media environment. Policymakers resent the media’s focus on exposing personality conflicts and the manipulative mechanisms of contemporary politics, disregarding policy and ideas, making political issues emergency headlines. There are, basically, similarities and differences between presidential chief executives and prime ministers, but both necessitate two major power machineries to work successfully: control over the parliament, and power within the executive (Samuels & Shugart 2010). In general, the United States, the most prominent case of presidentialism, has an executive which certainly holds the first power source, but

Human Resource Development and Management Critical Thinking Mod 5 Essay

Human Resource Development and Management Critical Thinking Mod 5 - Essay Example Every employee possesses different positive and negative qualities which need to be molded to meet the requirements of a business. Every individual has strength and weaknesses, but training brings out the best in an employee. Training alone cannot bring productivity and performance standard in an employed but a development process also need to be followed by the managerial level. As per (Career NZ) â€Å"Workplace training, also known as trade or industry training, involves learning and earning money while you work†. There are certain steps in training and development procedure and that need to be followed. Analysis: Analyzing means understanding and evaluating the abilities and skills of individual employees. This is the primary stage and an important one to initiate training process. According to (CMI, 2003) â€Å"Analyzing what the training needs are is a vital prerequisite for any effective training programmer or event†. Without a proper analysis training can procee d to be a disastrous process. In this stage, a training manger can glance deep into the positive and negative qualities of an employee. This helps the manager to assess the refinement needed in a person to come up as a quality staff. Planning: When a training co – coordinator or manager conduct analyzis, he has in mind the ways to plan a training procedure. As per (Johnson) â€Å"Designing an effective training program for an organization is a challenging task. You need to be highly organized and have a clear idea of what you need the training program to accomplish†. A training structure cannot be formulated if the individual employees are not studied in a calculative manner.Planning is secondary to analysis as only after analysis can a manger lay out what elements need to be included or excluded in a training program. As per(Ajlouni,2010,pg 56-65)â€Å"The process of identifying training needs is carefully thought out programmer that needs to be carried out with sens itivity because success of a training programmer may be crucial for the survival of the organization†. Execution :This is the third and a very important stage in training and development phenomenon. Here, the manager execute or put in practice the training plan. Here , each individual is educated about the organizational objective and the qualities needed for an ideal employee. During a training program , the main objective of a manager is to develop the personality and performance standard of the employees participating. As per (Seeklander,2009)â€Å"Sloppy attention to detail, or a lazy work ethic during training sessions will result in imprinting a technique wrong into our subconscious mind† Development: Development is the ongoing educational activity occurring in an organization as a part of a training program. A development process involves many educational techniques which will enhance the productivity and performance quality of an employee. In the journal, (Truit t, 2007) writes thatâ€Å"Positive training offered to employees may assist with reduction of anxiety or frustration, which most employees have experienced on more than one occasion during their employment careers†. Feedback – Feedback is an important process in all these stages of training and development session. This gives an outline and idea to the training manager about the experience of the trainees. According to (Raemdonck, 2012, pg24-48) â€Å"

Christian and Islamic Art Essay Example for Free

Christian and Islamic Art Essay Christian and Islamic Art The difference between Islamic art and Christian art is that Christian art is of human objects and forms while Islamic art portrays the meaning and reflection of things. Unlike Christian art, people do not appear on Islamic art. Unlike Christian art, Islam art does not include pictures and statues of Prophets and Gods. Christian art however, brings religious forms and images to life. It represents spiritual beliefs through illustrated scenes from the life of Jesus. It gives us images of biblical episodes and even carries on stories and images of those now deceased. The Catacombs (Christian burials) represents the final resting place for Christians. It represents ultimate love, sacrifice and triumph. When I first entered into the Catacombs of Rome, I remember walking down into the catacomb and feeling bit nervous as I was surrounded by darkness. It was dark, humid, smelly and yet, so beautiful! There were religious carvings on the inside that almost looked like chalk drawings. The clearest memory I have is visiting the section where the martyrs were buried and putting myself in their position. Would I have been so brave? In Islam, calligraphy is a major Islamic art form. Writing, books, geometry and patterns are most important. In Islam art, geography reflects the language of the world and most importantly, it reflects their spiritualism. A circle for example has no end and represents infinity. It represents never ending love. For Islam, the circle is a reminder that Allah is infinite. My Muslim brother-in-law, born in Lebanon, doesn’t take pictures and explained to that in his culture, taking pictures of living forms is forbidden. They can take pictures of objects, but not of pets or humans. Of course, in my culture we save pictures for memory keepsakes. After 7 years of marriage, he agreed to take a family picture with my sister and their three sons. It was a huge sacrifice in his part but this also explains how art, religion and culture have an influence on each other.

Observations at the Park Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

Observations at the Park A cigarette butt lies next to my foot, still emitting a trace of smoke. Nearby on the dusty asphalt a pigeon waddles self-consciously, bobbing its head as if pecking the air for some invisible food. A squirrel churrs a threat to his brother, challenging him to romp. The walkway before me never becomes silent. A buzz of voices blends with the city soundscape of cars driving and trucks backing, swingsets squealing and sparrows chirping. A toddler, holding tightly to his sister's stroller, yells "Achtung! Achtung! Achtung!" at a squirrel that crosses two inches from his foot. His mother comforts him, in German. A man sits down on the bench across from me, eyelids dropping on his creased red face as he stirs his cup of coffee. The bench I sit on is green, painted over years of dents and names scratched in wood. My backpack sits to my left with its main zipper opened just wide enough for me to extract my notebook and pen. At my right is my suitcase. Its pockets are crammed full like the subway this morning, barely room left to breathe, creaking and comp...

Wireless Power Transmission Technologies For Solar Power Environmental Sciences Essay

Abstract- The chief beginning of the energy in our life comes from fossil fuels, which is a non-renewable resource moreover it produces high sum of CO2. One of the solutions to planetary energy crises is development of geosynchronous orbit solar power orbiters ( SPS ) .It provides a clean and efficient beginning of energy by roll uping the solar power from infinite and so transporting it to the Earth. This is a new beginning of clean energy. Space solar power can work out our energy and nursery gas emanations jobs. Space solar power can supply big measures of energy to each and every individual on Earth with really small environmental impact. The clip mean power per unit country in infinite is 5-10 times larger than that on the land, while the power loss for the radio power transmission/reception is expected less than 50 % .This paper provides a reappraisal on the presently formulated engineerings like microwave power transmittal, laser power transmittal and the intercrossed power tr ansmittal systems for transmittal of solar power to the Earth from SPS. It besides talks about the effects on human wellness and environment due to SPS. Finally the paper suggests the development of a bread board modelA for microwaveA radio power transmittal ( WPT ) . The intents of utilizing this bread board theoretical account is to obtain a precise directional control of WPTA technologyA , which includes the direct sensing of rectenna sites, and the microwave beam control accomplishment with high angular preciseness, and to clear up the extension features of the microwaveA powerA in the ionosphere. KEYWORDS – Microwave, Solar power orbiter, wireless power transmittal.I. IntroductionEnergy and environment are one of the most of import planetary issues which have to be resolved to prolong our society. 80 % of energy in our life comes by using fossil fuels. If we continue to utilize the dodo fuel resources at the current ingestion rate, they will be wholly over within 100-150 old ages. Furthermore, the immense sum of ingestion of fossil fuel additions CO2 concentrations in the ambiance, which raises serious environmental issues. If we continue to depend on the dodo fuel, we will see significant debasement of life quality within this century. The emanation of green house gases besides leads to a figure of wellness jobs. Another beginning of energy is from atomic power, but the job of this beginning is the waste disposal factors. The energy ingestion graph is shown in fig 1 [ 6 ] . The planetary issues in the closed Earth system will be efficaciously solved by a paradigm disp lacement to the unfastened earth- infinite system. The life clip of Sun is estimated as 4-5 billion old ages. There is limitless changeless solar energy supply in infinite free from conditions conditions, rather different from that on the Earth, therefore we can see solar power orbiter as a long term beginning of energy. The construct of the SPS is to tap the solar energy utilizing a large-scale photovoltaic array in infinite and to convey it to the land utilizing optical maser beam or micro-cook as shown in fig.2 [ 6 ] . It has a great potency for a large-scale energy system to replace the dodo fuel workss. The clip mean power per unit country in infinite is 5-10 times larger than that on the land, while the power loss for the radio power transmittal and response is expected to be less than 50 % . Hence SPS has a competitory advantage over the solar power workss on the land. Solar power orbiter has the capacity to supply about all the electrical demands of our planet. Furthermore it is green beginning of energy, it does non breathe any unsafe green house gases, and it will non bring forth any risky wastes excessively, it will supply power 24 hours a twenty-four hours 7 yearss a hebdomad in immense measures and it works irrespective of cloud screen, daylight or weave velocity. But it requires heavy developmental cost. The SPS was foremost brought up by Peter Glaser in 1968, followed by NASA/DOE surveies in the 1970 ‘s. Since the early probes, different types of the SPS have been proposed, more than 30 in the universe. Most of the SPS theoretical accounts proposed so far uses microwave instead than optical maser for the radio power transmittal, because the power, efficiency both at the sender and receiving system is by and large higher and fading through the ambiance is lower for microwave as seen with that of optical maser.II. MICROWAVE POWER TRASMISSION FOR SPSMicrowave frequence for SPS has been selected in a scope of 1-10 GHz, compromising between atmospheric fading and antenna size. Fig.3 [ 5 ] illustrates the constellation of infinite solar power systems dwelling of SPS and associated land sections. If we choose a frequence in the industrial, scientific and medical ( ISM ) wireless sets, 2.45 or 5.8 GHz are the possible campaigner. 2.45 GHz was selected in the early stage survey, but 5. 8 GHz has been late chosen as a more desirable frequence due to recent accelerated advancement in C-band RF engineering. The microwave power transmittal system has the undermentioned map, i.e. 1 ) First the transition of direct power from photovoltaic cell to micro-cook power. 2 ) Followed by the formation and control of microwave beam aimed to fixed location in Earth. 3 ) Last roll uping the microwave energy and change overing it into electrical energy on the Earth surface. Therefore the microwave WPT system consists of a sender ( in infinite ) , beam control mechanism and having aerial system ( on the Earth ) . As for the microwave generator, tubings such as magnetron, klystron, and TWT have been proposed for the SPS usage because the power transition efficiency is well high more than 70 % at low cost. Semiconductor amplifier is another possible campaigner as the power efficiency has been moderately improved to 60-70 % with low cost outlook. Besides the power efficiency, beam indicating engineerings to convey the microwave power beam exactly to the receiving locations are indispensable for the power transmittal. They are curious to the radio power transmittal, non covered by the bing communicating engineerings. A beam angle 100 I?rad with a 10 I?rad indicating truth is required for the 5.8 GHz transmittal from an aerial of 2 kilometers square in the geosynchronous orbit to a response site of 3.5 kilometers diameter on the land. The conveying aerial will be assembled by a figure of array aerial panels which consist of sub-array aerials. Wholly more than 1 billion aerials will be installed as in Fig.4 [ 6 ] . A retro-directive engineering with a pilot signal from the land will be used to command the microwave beam from each aerial panel directing to the land station. Although each panel is sufficiently stiff for microwave beaming, comparative gesture between the panels can non be avoided for the big aerial assembly. In order to organize a microwave beam exactly focused at the land station, the stage of microwave from each panel needs to be adjusted between the panels, which requires radical new engineerings. In the absence of the pilot signal, sender will automatically diphase its power beam and the peak power denseness lessenings by the ratio of the transmission elements. Still small spot of energy is lost due to side lobes which are caused by diffraction. To avoid this loss we have to do having aerial of really big size to suit the side lobes, which is practically non possible. The microwave power at the having site is rectified to supply dc power utilizing arrays of rectifying aerial ( rectenna ) as shown in Fig.5 [ 6 ] with Schottky rectifying tube. The power transition efficiency for individual rectenna exceeds 80 % in a power scope more than 50 mW. However, farther research is required to better the power efficiency for 1 mW category input and rectenna array as a whole. We use Schottky rectifying tube since it has lowest electromotive force bead and highest velocity of operation, hence waste least sum of power due to conductivity and shift. Presentation of microwave power transmittal towards SPS on land and on a little orbiter or on the International Space Station.III. LASER WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSIONSatellite and system architectures based on optical maser radio power transmittal were foremost considered earnestly during the SPS Exploratory Research and Technology ( SERT ) plan [ 6 ] . Laser systems have one major advantage for power transmittal which is the aperture aggregation efficiency. Whereas microwave power transmission and receiving aerials are sized in kilometres, laser systems can be sized in metres. A secondary advantage is that optical maser based systems lend themselves more readily to incremental developments than microwave based systems. However, the major hurdle that optical masers based systems face is atmospheric losingss particularly due to the rain fading. To supply uninterrupted power, which would be necessary to measure up SPS as base burden power coevals, the optical maser system would either hold to hold monolithic land energy storage capableness or multiple sites located sufficiently far apart such that one of the sites would be available at all times. With the lower delivered power per site design standards of the current surveies compared to the DOE/NASA mention system, beam safety has minimum influence on the design of a microwave based solar power orbiter system, nevertheless, it has been a major factor for optical maser based systems. To cover with optical maser oculus and skin exposure bounds, a system of geostationary bunch of optical maser orbiters are distributed uniformly through a sufficient solid angle of infinite, with the beams from the orbiters spread uniformly over the 600m diameter photovoltaic array having site. With such a system, it is possible to keep safety criterions and still present IR visible radiation ( 1.03I?m, 1.06I?m ) with a septuple addition in power denseness over natural sunshine. Practical realisation of such a system is through a HALO orbit in which the orbiters appear to travel in a round orbit about a fixed point in infinite. Individual orbiters would hold multiple solid-state optical masers po wered by photovoltaic arrays. Lasers are dispersed among photovoltaic cells to minimise power direction. Light is beamed straight to the Earth or collected by mirrors or through fiber optics to a cardinal guidance mirror and so beamed to the Earth. A fresh attack to get the better ofing weather break of optical maser based power beaming is to utilize the beamed power to hive away energy at the having site for ulterior transit. A low-earth-orbit ( LEO ) orbiter would utilize a concentrator Federal solar. Integrated Symmetric Concentrator with concentrator mirrors, photovoltaic arrays and microwave sender phonograph record ( 500m in diameter ) pumped laser to present 10MW of optical maser energy focused into a armored combat vehicle of saltwater incorporating Ti dioxide as a accelerator to divide the H2O into its constituent H and O. Hydrogen can be used as fuel or it can be reacted with CO2 to do methane [ 1 ] .IV. HYBRID LASER-MICROWAVE WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSIONLaser and micro-cook wireless power transmittal ea ch have alone advantages, i.e. , optical masers require smaller apertures and microwaves are about immune to rain and other atmospheric conditions. Proposals are made to unite the two options such that each would run in its most advantageous environment. The key to the design proposal is a platform operating in the stratosphere at about 20km tallness. Lasers can be used to beam power from orbiters at geostationary orbit through infinite ( no atmospheric fading ) to a photovoltaic array on the platform. The power would so be retransmitted with microwaves from the platform to a land rectenna. This would minimise both the size of the orbiter sender and land receiving system for an all-weather transmittal system. Drawbacks to such a system include efficiency losingss due to the conversion/retransmission measure and the likeliness of transcending microwave beam power denseness safety criterions. Fig. 6 [ 1 ] depicts the schematic of SPS.V. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH CONCERNSAn appraisal of the SERT Program by the US National Research Council [ 5 ] has recommended more accent and enlargement of its environmental, wellness, and safety attempts, in order to reexamine the environmental, wellness, and safety jeopardies of the design. It is besides necessary to analyze the biological deductions of SPS-WPT. To guarantee environmental wellness and safety, the SERT Program has limited the â€Å" center-of-beam † power densenesss to the scope of 100-200W/m2 ( 10-20 mW/cm2 ) for both microwave and seeable light transmittal. For WPT, the microwave power denseness is projected to be 1.0 W/m2 ( 0.1 mW/cm2 ) at the margin of the rectenna. The ANSI/IEEE criterion [ 6 ] for maximal allowable human exposure to micro-cook radiation at 2.45 GHz is 81.6 W/m2 ( 8.16 mW/cm2 ) averaged over six min and 16.3 W/m2 ( 1.63 mW/cm2 ) averaged over 30 min, severally, for controlled and uncontrolled environments. The controlled and uncontrolled state of affairss are distinguished by whether the exposure takes topographic point with or without cognition of the exposed person and is usually interpreted to intend persons who are occupationally exposed to the microwave radiation, as contrasted with the general populace. Clearly, beyond the margin of the rectenna, the possible exposure, for either the CERT or Reference System, would be good below that presently allowable to the general populace. The SPS-WPT system, proposed by Japan ‘s METI, will be designed to hold a land degree microwave power denseness lower than those emitted by cellular nomadic telephones. Cellular telephones operate with power densenesss at or below the ANSI/IE EE exposure criterions [ 7 ] . Thus, public exposure to the SPS-WPT Fieldss would besides be below bing safety guidelines. At the centre of the microwave beam, power densenesss would be greater than the allowable degree of exposure for controlled state of affairss. Except for care forces, human exposure would usually non be allowed at this location. In the instance of occupationally required presence, protective steps, such as spectacless, baseball mitts, and garments, might be used to cut down the exposure to a allowable degree. However, above the rectenna, where the power denseness is about 250 W/m2 ( 25 mW/cm2 ) , research in support of the Reference System has found that some birds exhibit grounds of sensing of microwave radiation. This suggests that migratory birds, winging above the rectenna, might endure break in their flying waies. Furthermore, at higher ambient temperatures, larger birds seem to see more heat emphasis than smaller 1s, during 30 min of exposure [ 5 ] .This extra heat, from micro-cook energy deposited inside their organic structure, will emphasize their thermic regulative capacity .VI. BREAD BOARD MODEL AND FUTURE SCOPE OF COMMERCIAL SPSThe staff of life board theoretical account is formed by a thin panel construction with a thickness of 6 centimeter, and the panel consists of aA transmittal aerial bed, microwave elaboration bed and thermic radiation bed, severally. Performances of the bread board were measured and evaluated. Additionally, the microwave beam maneuvering experiments by the package retro-directive method were demonstrated. A Performances of the bread board were measured and evaluated. Thermal transeunt features of the bread board theoretical account were simulated. A engineering roadmap from research stage to commercial stage is shown in Fig.7 [ 5 ] . Based on the consequences from the small-scale presentation experiments in infinite, together with the consequences from the land experiments, we will do a determination on the engineering option, microwave or laser, for the radio power transmittal. With the selected transmittal medium, we will do a 100 kW-class SPS presentation experiment in orbit before 2020. All basic engineerings required for the commercial SPS will be verified at this phase. This attack is in conformity with the basic program on infinite development by the authorities ‘s infinite development scheme headquarter in Japan. After completion of these presentations Japan will choose a constellation for the initial mark of the commercial SPS. The expected power cost depending to a great extent on the development of infinite transit and public credence will be the major trade off factors for choice. For the selected constellati on, 2 MW and 200 MW category works will be constructed and tested before 2030. This scenario guaranties the start of building of the 1 GW category commercial SPS in 2030 ‘s.VII. DecisionOne of the most critical engineerings for the SPS is microwave power transmittal from the geosynchronous orbit to the land. Evolutionary microwave engineerings are required for high power transition efficiency more than 80 % from/to DC and an highly high-precise beam control with 10 I?rad truth. These engineerings will be partly verified in the land presentation experiment within several old ages and will be to the full verified in the infinite experiments within 10 old ages. Although the needed engineerings are rather ambitious, go oning research activities along with the proposed roadmap will take to opening the new SPS epoch in 2030 ‘s.VIII. Reference[ 1 ] C.A. Schafer, D. Gray 16 May 2012, â€Å" Transmission media appropriate laser-microwave solar power orbiter system † 61st I AC, Prague. [ 2 ] J.C. Lin, 1997 â€Å" Biological facets of nomadic communicating Fieldss, † Wireless Networks, vol. 3, pp. 439-453 [ 3 ] National Research Council, 2001, â€Å" Puting the foundation for infinite solar power † : An appraisal of NASA ‘s infinite solar power investing scheme, Washington DC [ 4 ] P.E.Glaser, 1968, â€Å" Power from the Sun: Its Future † , Science, vol.162, pp.867-886. [ 5 ] Susumu Sasaki, Koji Tanaka, 2011, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission Technologies for Solar Power Satellite † , International communicating conference IEEE. [ 6 ] S.Sasaki, K.Tanaka and Advanced Mission Research Group, Sep.-Oct. 2010, â€Å" SSPS Technologies Demonstration in Space † , IAC-10.C3.4.1, 61st International Astronautical Congress, Prague. [ 7 ] S.Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, 2010, â€Å" Wireless Power Transmission – A Following Generation Power Transmission System † IEEE International Journal of Computer Applications [ 8 ] Timothy J.Wickenheiser â€Å" The Interagency Advanced Power Group † , Available at: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //iapg.grc.nasa.gov/iapg/ & gt ; [ Accessed on 30 Dec 2012 ] [ 9 ] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 8 Dec 1998, â€Å" Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields 3 kilohertz to 300 GHz † , IEEE std C95.1 1999 edition

Explore the Relation Between Othello and Desdemona

Furthermore, the tragedy of the play is Othello hubris forcing him to murder his wife – the action which proves his Inability to Integrate with Venetian society. Shakespeare presents the relationship between Desman and Othello in a deeply Immersed way by defining it both in terms of their personal interaction, and the reaction and interference of the characters in the play. Most importantly, the antagonist of the play, Ago, uses Adhesion's â€Å"goodness† as the net to â€Å"enmesh† Othello, In addition to his other victims Including Cassia and Ordering. Gags Machiavellian plot to be evened with Othello, â€Å"wife for wife† depends heavily on his ability to destroy his marriage – thus confirming the importance of Desman. The status of Desman and Toothless relationship as a major point of conflict is clear from the very beginning of the play – where Ago and Ordering attempt to â€Å"poison the delight† of Abrogation by revealing that D esman had secretly married Othello. In terms of context, the concept of marriage without parental consent was taboo in Jacobean society, and would've been controversial even in Venetian society – which was considered much more relaxed than Jacobean Britain.It Is also Interesting to note the use of the word â€Å"poison†, which Is a strong theme throughout the play -? ND foreshadows Toothless eventual request that Ago â€Å"get me some poison† in order to murder Desman. Foreshadowing is further utilizes by Shakespeare in Act II Scene l, where he has Barbarian warn Othello to â€Å"look to her Moor, she has deceived her Father and may thee†. This effect Is heightened by Toothless claim that he places â€Å"my life upon her faith†, a moment of great irony which perfectly complements the claim that ‘in losing [Desman], he loses himself.It is important to note the great trust Othello places in Desman In this scene and how it coincides with his non event, eloquent speech which prompts the Duke to acknowledge â€Å"this tale would win my daughter too†. The poetic blank verse which Othello speaks, and has led some critics such as A C Bradley to describe him as â€Å"the most romantic among Shakespearean heroes† is in stark contrast to the clumsy, monosyllabic prose which he speaks later In the play – by which point his confidence In Desman, and therefore himself, has been destroyed by Ago.There is some element of truth in Othello claim that he â€Å"loved too well† and it is this resolute nature which ultimately dooms him. His rashness, which would have been praised as decisiveness on the battlefield, forces him to dismiss Cassia perhaps too swiftly – and place too much trust in â€Å"honest Ago', whose role as â€Å"ensign† should be confined to military affairs – not his general's private life. It could also be argued that Othello was doomed by his race, in the words of Anta Lo mb the inflict of the play derives from â€Å"the threat of a black man and a white woman† to the â€Å"patriarchal† Venetian society.The racist semantic field used in the opening scene, â€Å"thick lips†, â€Å"old black ram† and simply â€Å"the moor† sets a precedent for the rest of the play, and Othello final speech where he acknowledges he is an outsider, â€Å"circumcised dog† is evidence that Lagos manipulation has forced him to question himself and become the stereotype Ago depicted him as. Ultimately, the relationship of Desman and Othello is integral to the play, and Othello descent into barbarism is facilitated by his loss of faith in Desman.Othello himself placed his â€Å"life upon her faith† – and as a resolute man he was left with no choice but to destroy himself when he felt she had betrayed him. Lagos malignant, calculating intelligence led him to the conclusion that the moor he hated could be destroyed by his love for his wife – Just as Ordering could be destroyed by his lust, and Cassia by his arrogant, flirtatious nature. Lagos ability to detect the weaknesses of those around him is the characteristic which defines the tragedy of ‘Othello', and thus the knowledge that Desman is Vital to her Husband' allowed him to exact his Machiavellian plot with tragic consequences.

The Quest Essays - Social Psychology, Identity, Free Essays

The Quest Essays - Social Psychology, Identity, Free Essays The Quest The Quest Introduction Adolescence is a period of life in which critical psychological and physiological changes occur. It is also the time when identity, a unified sense of self characterized by attitudes, beliefs, and ways of acting that are genuinely ones own (Insel, 1994), forms. The theory of Eric Erikson describes the psychological development of identity as a developmental stage in which individuals are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life.(Santrock, 1997) During this stage, adolescents are trying to find an answer to the question Who am I? and making important life choices, such as career, intimate commitments, or morality. The identity formation period is very critical and it will affect the individual throughout the adulthood. If adolescent arrives at a positive path to follow in life, then a positive identity will be achieved; but if a positive future path is not defined, then identity confusion reigns. (Santrock, 1997) Methods I interviewed a 13 year old girl from a well educated family. The interview was done in the privacy of her house in her own room and took about 40 minutes. During the interview, the teen was asked to answer a list of questions and encouraged to use as much details as possible. Each answer was carefully recorded and evaluated. The questions I asked her targeted fundamental self aspects that build the feeling of identity. The interview examined the following aspects: role experimentation, self certainty, peer relationships, family relationships, sexual orientation, career, and leadership. Results The girl I interviewed had a strong sense of uniqueness-she wants to be different and expresses herself colorfully. I found that appearance is very important, such as adoption of different fashions and in hair styles. Girls are very conscious of how they look. While admitting that appearance is crucial, the teen made a point that maintaining a sense of confidence and self-esteem is important for your future. Also, I was informed that it is substantial to try everything and put your butt here and there. It appears that teenagers think they should experiment with smoking, drinking, sexual activity, and other adults stuff. In addition, the significance of the successful role model, a father in this case, was emphasized. Furthermore, the teen stressed that she considers herself a very sociable individual who likes to mix with different groups. She also feels that she is the woman of the 90s and plans to depend on herself. She also claimed to possess some leadership qualities in her natur e, which will become more and more evident as she will mature. I also found that it is crucial to have a sense of direction in ones own life. Together with that, she indicated that she feels that the involvement in the intimate relationship, having a boyfriend, means a big deal to her. She added that it is important to have someone to talk to and do stuff with. Discussion Adolescents are obsessed with their looks and they are expected to do that because it is through these symbols, wearing the right clothes and having cool sunglasses, that their identities are formed. Adolescents are expected to view self-esteem as crucial; after all, it plays a big role in their quest for identity. As teenagers begin their quests for identity, they experiment with different roles, various social postures, and self-images (this is what Erikson would call a search for identity). Teens often feel that appearing mature will bring recognition and acceptance, so they begin to engage in behavior associated with adults, such as smoking, drinking, and sexual activity. Experimenting with different roles is expected in Erikson stage and having a role model is not uncommon. During the early adolescence, a role model is usually one of the parents. ( Insel, 1994) Teens often are very social at this stage and that is expected because socialization contributes a lot to a teens searc h for identity. Some teens have already developed a strong sense of self-worth and it is not uncommon, although it is not necessarily expected for them to develop a sense of self worth at such a young age. Today, the percentage of teens who engage in sexual activities is increasing every year together with the

How to Use Footnotes and Endnotes

How to Use Footnotes and Endnotes How to Use Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and endnotes both let you add extra information in an essay or college paper. But what should you include in these notes? And when should you use them? In this post, we run through everything you need to know about using footnotes and endnotes in academic writing. What Are Footnotes and Endnotes? Footnotes appear at the bottom or â€Å"foot† of the page. You can therefore put extra information in a footnote, such as source details for a citation, without interrupting the flow of the main text. To indicate a footnote, you can add a superscript number to the text, such as at the end of this sentence.1 These numbers then correspond to numbered notes at the bottom of the page. A footnote or three. Endnotes are like footnotes, but they appear together at the end of the document rather than at the bottom of each page. Endnotes are thus less immediately accessible for the reader than footnotes, but they can help ensure that pages with multiple notes don’t become cluttered. If you are not sure which to use, check your style guide for advice. Footnotes and Endnotes in Microsoft Word To insert a footnote or endnote in a Microsoft Word document, you need to: Go to References Footnotes on the main ribbon Select either Insert Footnote or Insert Endnote as required Type your note in the newly created footnote/endnote Footnote tools in MS Word. You can also customize the style of footnotes and endnotes by clicking on the arrow in the bottom right of the Footnotes section of the References tab (or by going to Insert Footnotes in Word for Mac). This will open a new window where you can select your preferred formatting options. When to Use Footnotes and Endnotes The main uses of footnotes and endnotes are as follows: To add a footnote citation in referencing systems such as MHRA and Chicago, with full source information also given in a bibliography at the end of the document. Endnotes are also used for citations in some systems, such as in IEEE or Vancouver referencing, where numbers in the text point to an entry in a reference list at the end of the document. To add non-essential commentary on something in the main text of your document. For example, if your research has raised an interesting question that is not directly relevant to your current work, you could mention it in a footnote or endnote. This lets you acknowledge the question – showing the reader that you haven’t simply ignored or failed to notice it – but without interrupting the flow of prose in the main document. Keep in mind, too, that some referencing systems use in-text parenthetical citations. As such, you should only reference a source in a footnote or endnote if your school has asked you to do it this way. Do Notes Count Towards the Word Limit? We’re often asked whether to include footnotes and endnotes in the word count for papers. Different schools have different rules about this, so you will have to check your style guide. However, you should never use these supplementary notes to cheat the word count. The key here is that essential information should never go in a footnote or endnote. If you do move vital evidence or analysis to a note, the person marking your work may ignore it. And reducing the word count is never more important than putting forward a full, coherent argument. If you do need to reduce the word count in an essay, you have other options, such as rewriting wordy sentences or cutting repetition. Having your work proofread is a great way to ensure that your writing is always clear and concise, too, so let us know if you’d like any help.

Pros and Cons of using open source software to secure your network Essay

Pros and Cons of using open source software to secure your network - Essay Example This is so to guarantee unlimited access to derived works by original contributors. Examples of open source software in the contemporary world include the operating system Linux, Firefox, GIMP, Sugar CRM, Vtiger, Zurmo, and Suite CRM. People generally develop open source software to gain recognition and plaudits, enhance the product and to increase its longevity (Feller, 2005). With the huge number of organizations, governments and businesses using open source software such as the ones listed above, it has become evident that the free/ fair/ lower prices of the software is not the only advantage the use of these software bring. Along with reduced cost of spending and management of such software, there are a plethora of other benefits concerning the use of open source software. The first of these benefits is the superior security that is associated with open source software. An instance that proves this higher security status is a recent happening where coverity of numerous defects of the Android kernel was discovered. The only reason this discovery was possible is because the kernel code is open to the view of the general public. Basically therefore, the implications of open source software is that the more people who can see and test a set of codes, the higher the chances that flaws will be discovered and quickly corrected. This is what is termed the Linu x law which asserts that, given sufficient eye balls, all bugs are shallow. Open source software kinds are continuously evolving and upgrading the system. The markets appreciate product robustness and open source software facilitates a larger market of early adopters (compared to those of closed source software/ proprietary kind) who actively aid in debugging the software. In essence, therefore, open source software grows much faster in the early stages of development/ introduction into the market (Feller, 2005). Closed

Evidence to Critically Discuss the Potential Consequences of Essay

Evidence to Critically Discuss the Potential Consequences of Implementing ERP Systems - Essay Example into a single information system5, ensure that financial data is consistent with other departments on a real-time basis6, improve resource planning, enhance the integration of global and supply chain system, and requires less computer applications7. Most of the routine accounting tasks will no longer be necessary8. Therefore, it is expected that there will be lesser cost on hiring accounting staff. Furthermore, the use of ERP can help reduce the risk of data redundancy. Therefore, problems related to financial integrity is possible. Due to the fact that real-time financial data will be available anytime of the day, managers can easily make important business decisions9. Despite the advantages of implementing ERPs, the use of this technology can be very costly because of the need to maintain and upgrade the system, hire additional consultants and technical experts who can convert existing data and customize the system based on the nature of business10. Aside from the need to re-train people on how to maximize the use of ERP system, the company also need to consider the need to change their normal business process. 11. Implementing the use of ERP could result to lesser accounting personnel by eliminating routine jobs12. Because of fear of losing their job security, implementing ERP increases the risk of creating resistance-to-change among its people13. As a result, there is a risk wherein internal problem such as work-related attitude and behaviour would arise. How the Role of Management Accountants Change when ERPs were Introduced Ever since the ERP has been introduced in the market, the role of management accountants has been subject to a lot of changes. Instead of focusing on pure book-keeping practices, management accountants who are obliged to use the ERP system are expected to play the role of an â€Å"internal consultant† to the business14. It means that management accountants should one way or the other serve as the financial adviser of the company. Through the use of ERP system, the future book-keeping would definitely become automated in terms of data collection15. Even though management accountants are expected to retain their knowledge in book-keeping, the future role of management accountants is not limited to having a vast knowledge and understanding about the basic business management theories and practices but also strive hard to improve their communication skills, interpersonal skills, consulting skills, IT skills, and ability to work in team16. Associated with the implementation of ERP system, the line managers are somehow expected to play a significant role in the management of allocated financial budget17. To ensure that the management accountants will be able to allocate sufficient budget to line managers, the management accountants should be able to forecast necessary budget based on historical data18. One of the main reasons why management accountants should acquire sufficient knowledge and skills in business management is because of their need to constantly communicate and interact with a group of business managers with regards to several bu siness issues19. By doing so, management accountants will be able to gain better understanding on how different business indicators can be used in gauging the overall business performance. In the process of learning more about how the daily business operations work, management accoun

Managing High Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managing High Performance - Essay Example There is collective ownership of the work. On the other hand, autocratic system excessive control in the autocratic system creates resentment, absenteeism and increased turnover. Decentralized system is favorable to centralized system. Though certain decisions will have to remain at the main office, certain functions will be left with the smaller units. In the decentralized system, each of the units will have the power to make their own decisions as regards most matters. This will help in greater participation by the employees in the project work, and will foster faster decision making (Reddin, 1999). Self directed work teams are preferable to conventional teams (Wright, 2006). The self directed work teams are particularly important because it is the team- not the supervisor which assigns the work, the team completes the whole piece of work, are responsible for and have the authority to correct problems with work flow as they occur. In addition, the team also receives rewards and feedbacks at the team level. This reinforces hard

Cloud Computing Models Changing The World Information Technology Essay

Cloud Computing Models Changing The World Information Technology Essay The Cloud has become a new vehicle for delivering resources such as computing and storage to customers on demand. Rather than being a new technology in itself, the cloud is a new business model wrapped around new technologies such as server virtualization that take advantage of economies of scale and multi-tenancy to reduce the cost of using information technology resources. This paper discusses the business drivers in the Cloud delivery mechanism and business model, what the requirements are in this space, and how standard interfaces, coordinated between different organizations can meet the emerging needs for interoperability and portability of data between clouds. Hence, Cloud computing is about moving services, computation and/or data-for cost and business advantage-off-site to an internal or external, location-transparent, centralized facility or contractor. By making data available in the cloud, it can be more easily and ubiquitously accessed, often at much lower cost, increasing its value by enabling opportunities for enhanced collaboration, integration, and analysis on a shared common platform. Cloud computing describes both a platform and a type of application. A cloud-computing platform dynamically provides, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as needed. Cloud applications are applications that are extended to be accessible through the Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host Web applications and Web services. Enterprises are increasingly making innovation their highest priority. They realize they need to seek new ideas and unlock new sources of value. Driven by the pressure to cut costs and grow- simultaneously-they realize that its not possible to succeed simply by doing the same things better. They know they have to do new things that produce better results. Cloud computing enables innovation. It alleviates the need of innovators to find resources to develop, test, and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources. Enterprises can choose to deploy applications on Public, Private or Hybrid clouds. Cloud Integrators can play a vital part in determining the right cloud path for each organization. Therefore, there are four types of cloud paths they are : Cloud computing provides the facility to access shared resources and common infrastructure, offering services on demand over the network to perform operations that meet changing business needs. The end user does typically not know the location of physical resources and devices being accessed. It also provides facilities for users to develop, deploy and manage their applications on the cloud, which entails virtualization of resources that maintains and manages itself. Cloud Computing, to put it simply, means Internet Computing. The Internet is commonly visualized as clouds; hence the term cloud computing for computation done through the Internet. With Cloud Computing users can access database resources via the Internet from anywhere, for as long as they need, without worrying about any maintenance or management of actual resources. Besides, databases in cloud are very dynamic and scalable. Cloud computing is unlike grid computing, utility computing, or autonomic computing. In fact, it is a very independent platform in terms of computing. The best example of cloud computing is Google Apps, where any application can be accessed using a browser and it can be deployed on thousands of computer through the Internet. Æ’Â ¨WHAT DOES CLOUD COMPUTING MEAN TO US? Cloud computing is set to take over the world, or at least possibly replace Microsoft Outlook. The cloud concept is simple: Its a way to access your data and apps from anywhere, via the Internet (or the cloud). Yet everyone from Gartner Group to Google has a slightly different take on cloud computing: It can be anything from storing and sharing documents on Google Docs to running your entire company operations using a remote, third-party data center. Some envision it as a way to compute without operating systems, or pesky local client programs, and with minimal hardware needs (just a basic client machine). The most important single characteristic of a cloud is abstraction of the hardware from the service, says John Willis, a noted cloud-computing expert and blogger, explaining that the location of the servers is not as important as easy access to the data. However you define it, I think cloud technology will have a footprint in every business that does IT within the next five years. Cloud computing increases capacity and expands computing capabilities without heavy investment in infrastructure, training or software licensing. Most importantly though it democratizes Web 2.0-application development. With the removal of two significant barriers to entry cost and capacity access suddenly even small, lesser-funded entrepreneurs can dream big and bring their grand Web 2.0 applications to market. CLOUD COMPUTING has been changing how most people use the web and how they store their files. Its the structure that runs sites like  Facebook, Amazon and Twitter and the core that allows us to take advantage of services like Google Docs and Gmail. But how does it work Æ’Â ¨HOW DOES CLOUD COMPUTING WORK? Before we dig further into how does cloud computing work, first lets understand what the term CLOUD refers to.   The concept of the cloud has been around for a long time in many different incarnations in the business world. It mostly means a  grid of computers  serving as a service-oriented architecture to deliver software and data. Most websites and server-based applications run on particular computers or servers. What differentiates the cloud from the way those are set up is that the cloud utilizes the resources from the computers as a  collective virtual computer, where the applications can run independently from particular computer or server configurations. They are basically floating around in a cloud of resources, making the hardware less important to how the applications work. With broadband Internet, the need to have the software run on your computer or on a companys site is  becoming less and less essential. A lot of the software that people use nowadays are completely web-based. The cloud takes advantage of that to bring it to the next level. For example, if you are  hosting your website on a local server  or from your PC, you must usually select a particular operating system (Windows/Linux/Mac), to determine what software you can run on that particular server. If your site is being hosted in the cloud, there is no need to do that. You can run Windows and Linux programs side by side. Æ’Â ¨HOW IS THAT DONE? To understand how does cloud computing work, imagine that the cloud consists of layers mostly the  back-end  layers and the  front-end  or user-end layers. The front-end layers are the ones you see and interact with. When you access your email on Gmail for example, you are using software running on the front-end of a cloud. The same is true when you access your Facebook account. The back-end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that fuels the interface you see on the front end. As always seen, the user-end is usually a third party application or a termination for implementing their ideas on a visual end and rest all (hardware and logical) is taken care off at the back-end. Because the computers are set up to work together, the applications can take advantage of all that computing power as if they were running on one particular machine. Cloud computing also allows for a lot of flexibility. Depending on the demand, you can increase how much of the cloud resources you use without the need for assigning specific hardware for the job, or just reduce the amount of resources assigned to you when they are not necessary. The Cloud makes it possible to launch Web 2.0 applications quickly and to scale up applications as much as needed when needed. The platform supports traditional JavaTM and Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP (LAMP) stack-based applications as well as new architectures such as MapReduce and the Google File System, which provide a means to scale applications across thousands of servers instantly. Æ’Â ¨WILL IT CHANGE THE WAY WE USE COMPUTERS? The transition from being very personal hardware dependent to a world where resources are shared among the masses is creeping up on us slowly and unobtrusively. Very many people have already transitioned to using a cloud environment for most of their time in front of the computer without even realizing it. Sure, most of us still use some version of Microsoft Office or Quickbooks that was installed on our computers, but even  those kinds of software are now offering an online version  that can be used instead. The possibility of being able to access your data and software wherever you need it makes this transition very appealing to most people. Are there problems with this concept? Of course there are. If for some reason your internet goes down, your access to your data also disappears. There are security concerns with the data and the risk that companies will use proprietary formats for the files and that require that you pay for a certain service monthly or you may lose access to your own data permanently. So choose wisely when picking a service to use with your important data and make sure it can be downloaded if needed, but also enjoy the flexibility those services provide. The wave of the future is in the cloudsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dreaming big.   Now thats what its all about. MODELS AND TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING Æ’Â ¨ Cloud Computing Models Cloud Providers offer services that can be grouped into three categories, they are: Software as a Service (SaaS): In this model, a complete application is offered to the customer, as a service on demand. A single instance of the service runs on the cloud multiple end users are serviced. On the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ side, there is no need for upfront investment in servers or software licenses, while for the provider; the costs are lowered, since only a single application needs to be hosted maintained. Today companies such as Google, Salesforce, Microsoft, Zoho, etc offer SaaS. Platform as a Service (Paas): Here, a layer of software, or development environment is encapsulated offered as a service, upon which other higher levels of service can be built. The customer has the freedom to build his own applications, which run on the providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s infrastructure. To meet manageability and scalability requirements of the applications, PaaS providers offer a predefined combination of OS and application servers, such as LAMP platform (Linux, Apache, MySql and PHP), restricted J2EE, Ruby etc. Googleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s App Engine, Force.com, etc are some of the popular PaaS examples. Infrastructure as a Service (Iaas): IaaS provides basic storage and computing capabilities as standardized services over the network. Servers, storage systems, networking equipment, data centre space etc. are pooled and made available to handle workloads. The customer would typically deploy his own software on the infrastructure. Some common examples are Amazon, GoGrid, 3 Tera, etc are some of the popular IaaS examples. Æ’Â ¨ Types Of Cloud Computing Enterprises can choose to deploy applications on Public, Private, Community or Hybrid clouds. Cloud Integrators can play a vital part in determining the right cloud path for each organization. Cloud  Computing  can be classified into 4 types on the  basis of location  where the cloud is hosted: Public Cloud Æ’Â   Public clouds are owned and operated by third parties; they deliver superior economies of scale to customers, as the infrastructure costs are spread among a mix of users, giving each individual client an attractive low-cost, Pay-as-you-go model. All customers share the same infrastructure pool with limited configuration, security protections, and availability variances. These are managed and supported by the cloud provider. One of the advantages of a Public cloud is that they may be larger than an enterprises cloud, thus providing the ability to scale seamlessly, on demand. Æ’Â   Also, the infrastructure is hosted at the vendors premises. The customer has no  visibility  over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The computing infrastructure is shared between organizations. Private Cloud Æ’Â   Private clouds are built exclusively for a single enterprise. They aim to address concerns on data security and offer greater control, which is typically lacking in a public cloud. There are two variations to a private cloud: -> On-premise Private Cloud: On-premise private clouds, also known as internal clouds are hosted within ones own data center. This model provides a more standardized process and protection, but is limited in aspects of size and scalability. IT departments would also need to incur the capital and operational costs for the physical resources. This is best suited for applications, which require complete control and configurability of the infrastructure and security. -> Externally hosted Private Cloud: This type of private cloud is hosted externally with a cloud provider, where the provider facilitates an exclusive cloud environment with full guarantee of privacy. This is best suited for enterprises that dont prefer a public cloud due to sharing of physical resources. Æ’Â   All in all, private cloud  architecture is dedicated to the customer and is not shared with other organizations. They are expensive and are considered more secure than Public Clouds. Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise-hosted clouds. Hybrid Cloud Æ’Â   Hybrid Clouds combine both public and private cloud models. With a Hybrid Cloud, service providers can utilize 3rd party Cloud Providers in a full or partial manner thus increasing the flexibility of computing. The Hybrid cloud environment is capable of providing on-demand, externally provisioned scale. The ability to augment a private cloud with the resources of a public cloud can be used to manage any unexpected surges in workload. Æ’Â   In technical terms, Organizations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds. The not so critical  applications  are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is known as Hybrid Cloud.  Cloud bursting  is the term used to define a  system  where the organization uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is used for peak loads. Community Cloud Æ’Â   The cloud  infrastructure  is shared between the  organizations  of the same community. Æ’Â  For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the same cloud but not the non government agencies. DISTINGUISHING PUBLIC, PRIVATE AND HYRBRID CLOUDS, DIAGRAMMATICALLYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Difference Between Cloud Computing And Other Computing Techniques. Æ’Â ¨ Cloud Computing Vs Grid (distributed) Computing Grid computing has been used in environments where users make few but large allocation requests. For example, a lab may have a 1000 node cluster and users make allocations for all 1000, or 500, or 200, etc. So only a few of these allocations can be serviced at a time and others need to be scheduled for when resources are released. This results in sophisticated batch job scheduling algorithms of parallel computations. Vs Cloud computing really, is about lots of small allocation requests. The Amazon EC2 accounts are limited to 20 servers each by default and lots and lots of users allocate up to 20 servers out of the pool of many thousands of servers at Amazon. The allocations are real-time and in fact there is no provision for queuing allocations until someone else releases resources. This is a completely different resource allocation paradigm, a completely different usage pattern, and all this results in completely different method of using compute resources. - In grid computing, a single big task is split into multiple smaller tasks, which are further distributed to different computing machines. Upon completion of these smaller tasks, they are sent back to the primary machine which in return offers a single output. Vs Whereas a cloud computing architecture is intended to enable users to use difference services without the need for investment in the underlying architecture. Though, grid too offers similar facility for computing power, but cloud computing isnt restricted to just that. With a cloud users can avail various services such as website hosting etc. Grid computing is where more than one computer coordinates to solve a problem together. Often used for problems involving a lot of number crunching, which can be easily parallelizable. Vs Cloud computing is where an application doesnt access resources it requires directly, rather it accesses them through something like a  service. So instead of talking to a specific hard drive for storage, and a specific CPU for computation, etc. it talks to some service that provides these resources. The service then maps any requests for resources to its physical resources, in order to provide for the application. Usually the service has access to a large amount of physical resources, and can dynamically allocate them as they are needed. - With grid computing, your company gets power and flexibility. Grid computing, however, occurs when the processing power of an application or service is distributed across multiple systems. This is usually done in order to increase processing capacity or improve system resiliency. Vs Grid Computing Cloud ComputingWith cloud computing, your company gets cost-savings and convenience. This is where you get access to the resources of an independent 3rd party over the internet. In other words, they are remotely hosted applications. Life Before And After Cloud Computing. Æ’Â   Before Cloud Computing Traditional business applications-like those from SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle-have always been too complicated and expensive. They need a data center with office space, power, cooling, bandwidth, networks, servers, and storage. A complicated software stack. And a team of experts to install, configure, and run them. They need development, testing, staging, production, and failover (means for ensuring high availability of some critical resource) environments. When you multiply these headaches across dozens or hundreds of applications, its easy to see why the biggest companies with the best IT departments arent getting the applications they need. Small businesses dont stand a chance. Imagine a world without bridges.   It would be pretty hard to get from point A to point B reliably and without interruption!   The Cloud Computing is the to the Bridge solution that increases interoperability between your on-premise datacenters and off-premise clouds.   This interoperability increases your flexibility, enabling more choice around what applications you can move to the cloud.   Since the Cloud Bridge solution supports multiple virtualization environments, you also have more choice in cloud providers, enabling you to drive down costs.   In short, Cloud Computing is the big bridge to fill the big gap between your datacenter or the application. Æ’Â   After Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a better way to run your business. Instead of running your applications yourself, they run on a shared data center. When you use any application that runs in the cloud, you just log in, customize it, and start using it. Thats the power of cloud computing. Businesses are running all kinds of applications in the cloud these days, like CRM(Customer Relationship Management), HR(Human Resources), accounting, and custom-built applications. Cloud-based applications can be up and running in a few days, which is unheard of with traditional business software. They cost less, because you dont need to need to pay for all the people, products, and facilities to run them. And, it turns out theyre more scalable, more secure, and more reliable than most applications. Plus, upgrades are taken care of for you, so your applications get security and performance enhancements and new features-automatically. The way you pay for cloud-based applications is also different. Forget about buying servers and software. When your apps run in the cloud, you dont buy anything. Its all rolled up into a predictable monthly subscription, so you only pay for what you actually use. Cloud applications dont eat up your valuable IT resources, so your CFO(Chief Financial Officer) will love it. This lets you focus on deploying more applications, new projects, and innovation. The Nature of Cloud Computing Cloud computing builds on established trends for driving the cost out of the delivery of services while increasing the speed and agility with which services are deployed. It shortens the time from designing an application architecture to actual deployment. Cloud computing integrates virtualization, on-demand deployment, Internet delivery of services, and open source software. The on-demand, self-service, pay-by-use model The on-demand nature of cloud computing helps to support the performance and capacity aspects of service-level objectives. The self-service nature of cloud computing allows organizations to create flexible environments that expand and contract based on the workload and target performance parameters. And the pay-by-use nature of cloud computing may take the form of equipment renting that guarantee a minimum level of service from a cloud provider so billing is based on resource consumption: CPU hours used, volumes of data moved, or gigabytes of data stored. Growth and Further scope Of Cloud Computing. Æ’Â ¨ Cloud computing  is being touted as  the future of  the web. Everything from your Word documents to pictures, music has been  moving to  the cloud. In  Google  Apps, the company has a strong competing product to  Microsoft  Office. So, how big is all of this going to be. Here are some statistics from a  Gartner study Value of  Cloud computing services  through the years 2008 : $46.41 billion 2009 : $56.30 billion 2013 : $150.1 billion (projected) Advantages and Disadvantages Of Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is fast evolving from a  futuristic technology  into a commercially viable alternative for companies in search of a cost-effective  storage  and server solution. In fact, Gartner Inc. predicts that by 2012, 80 percent of Fortune 1000 enterprises will pay for some cloud-computing service, while 30 percent of them will pay for cloud-computing infrastructure. While the technology has its fair share of drawbacks (such as privacy and  security  concerns), an undeniable silver lining is currently turning skeptics into enthusiasts. Here some of the advantages of cloud computing: >ADVANTAGES: Scalability:  IT departments that anticipate an enormous uptick in user load need not scramble to secure additional hardware and software with cloud computing. Instead, an organization can add and subtract capacity as its network load dictates. Better yet, because cloud computing follows a utility model in which service costs are based on consumption, companies pay for only what they use. Easy Implementation:  Without the need to purchase hardware, software licenses or implementation services, a company can get its cloud-computing arrangement off the ground in record time and for a fraction of the cost of an on-premise solution. Skilled Practitioners:  When a particular technology becomes popular, its not uncommon for a whole slew of vendors to jump on the bandwagon. In the case of cloud computing, however, vendors have typically been reputable enough to offer customers reliable service and large enough to deliver huge  datacenters  with endless amounts of storage and computing capacity. These vendors include industry stalwarts such as Microsoft, Google, IBM, Yahoo! Inc. and Amazon.com Inc, etc. Frees Up Internal Resources:  By placing storage and server needs in the hands of an outsourcer, a company essentially shifts the burden placed on its in-house IT team to a third-party provider. The result: In-house IT departments can focus on business-critical tasks without having to incur additional costs in manpower and  training. Quality of Service:  Network outages can send an IT department scrambling for answers. But in the case of cloud computing, its up to a companys selected vendor to offer 24/7 customer support and an immediate response to emergency situations. Thats not to suggest that outages dont occur. In February 2008, Amazon.coms S3 cloud-computing service experienced a brief outage that affected a number of companies. Fortunately, service was restored within three hours. Æ’Â   According to  Jonathan Koomey, who is a consulting professor for Stanford University and a project scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, there are four primary reasons why cloud computing (at least philosophically speaking) should be a more power-efficient approach than an in-house data center. This is the order in which Koomey lists them. Workload diversity: Because you will have many different sorts of users making use of the cloud resources different applications, different feature set preferences and different usage volumes this will improve hardware utilization and therefore make better use of power that youre using anyway to keep a server up and running. Economies of economies of scale: There are certain fixed costs associated with setting up any physical data center. According to Koomey, implementing technical and organization changes is cheaper per computation for larger organizations than for IT small shops. And because you will have more people using the infrastructure, again, you can spread those costs more efficiently. Power-management flexibility: Koomey postulates that its easier to manage virtual servers than physical servers from a power perspective. If hardware fails, the load can automatically be deployed elsewhere. Likewise, in theory, you could move all virtual loads to certain servers when loads are light and power-down or idle those that arent being used You can pick the most efficient site possible: So, for example, if you are a business based in a state that uses primarily coal-powered electricity, do you really want to site your data center there? If you have a data center in a place that is all coal-powered, this is a big business risk, Koomey says. In a future where there might actually be a tax on the carbon your company produces, that would certainly be a risk indeed. >DISADVANTAGES: Æ’Â   One of its few major issues is that cloud computing relies totally on network connections. If the network goes down, youre done using the computer until it is back up. If the network gets bogged down, then your computing will be slower. Æ’Â   The other major downfall is that it doesnt use a hard drive. While it is a benefit, it is also a negative. Some applications or hardware might require having a hard drive attached to the computer; these might be hard to get working properly with the hard drive on a remote server. Æ’Â   The last big issue is peripherals. Getting printers to work is hit or miss. The more popular printers will give you little trouble when you try to get them working properly. The little printers that arent as common, such as label printers, can face issues with the mini PC that each user has. Æ’Â   In most big businesses, few people have personal printers; most printers are networked,  so its not a big issue to a majority of users. Things such as scanners use software to work with the PC, however, and if your virtual hard drive doesnt have the software, when you log onto the cloud computer at a desk, you wont be able to use the scanner until you install the software. Some Of The Disadvantages Are Listed Below Security: No control over the business assets (data!). The main assets in every company are its data files with valuable customer information. A proper security model for cloud computing is not yet developed. Security, privacy and compliancy is still difficult for cloud solutions. Especially for public cloud services. Physical location of hardware and software is unknown. Site inspections and audits are hard. Availability. Constant connectivity is required. Failure to compliance. E.g. HIPAA, SOX, PCI, SAS 70 and audits. Risk of data loss due to improper backups or system failures in the virtualized environment. Dependency (Lost On Control): Quality problems with Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) No influence on maintenance levels and fix frequency when using cloud services from a CSP. No or little insight in CSP contingency procedures. Especially backup, restore and disaster recovery. No easy migration to an other CSP. Measurement of resource usage and end user activities lies in the hands of the CSP. Tied to the financial health of another Company. Cost And Flexibility: Special customization not possible. Possible lower rate of business IT innovation. The technological innovation pace is dictated by CSP. Cost: Hidden cost (e.g. compliancy regulations, backup, restore, disaster recovery and problem solving.) Opaque cost structure due to highly flexible usage of cloud services; Cost advantages is as hard to get when using outsourcing for IT services in a traditional way. Risks of higher future charges are real. Requires a constant Internet connection: Cloud computing is impossible if you cant connect to the Internet. Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you dont have an Internet connection you cant access anything, even your own documents. A dead Internet connection means no work, period-and, in areas where Internet connections are few or inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker. When youre offline, cloud computing simply doesnt work. Doesnt work well with low-speed connections: Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing painful at best and often impossible. Web-based apps require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents. If youre laboring with a low-speed dial-up connection, it might take seemingly forever just to change from page to page in a document, let alone to launch a feature-rich cloud service. In other words, cloud computing isnt for the broadband-impaired. Can be slow: Even on a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC. Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud. If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is having a slow day, you wont get the instantaneous access you might expect from desktop apps. Features might be limited: This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply arent as full-featured as their desktop-based brethren. For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with Google Presentations w